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. 2021 Aug 4;12:694271. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.694271

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Copyright © 2021 Martucci, Weber and Mackey.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Spinal cord regional mean ALFF differences in patients not taking opioids vs. patients taking opioids. Fibromyalgia patients who were not taking opioids (non-opioid FM) showed several spinal cord regions of greater Mean ALFF vs. patients taking opioids (opioid FM) (regions of red shading, FMN > FMO). Non-opioid fibromyalgia patients showed several spinal cord regions of lesser Mean ALFF vs. patients taking opioids (regions of blue shading, FMN < FMO). Sagittal images are indicated with “x” coordinate locations, coronal images are indicated with y coordinate locations, and axial images are indicated with “z” coordinate locations based on the PAM50 template (23). D, dorsal; FM, fibromyalgia; FMN, non-opioid FM; FMO, opioid FM; L, left; R, right; V, ventral. P-values are uncorrected < 0.05.