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. 2021 Aug 4;3:719434. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.719434

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Overall schematic describing the underlying skeletal muscle determinants of endurance performance and whole-body determinants of endurance performance. The schematic advances on the theoretical framework by Joyner and Coyle (2008). Based on a meta-analysis of the existing literature, effect sizes of correlations between these determinants and endurance performance have been summarized in forest plots (see Supplementary Material). Random effect sizes were calculated based on Fisher's z transformation of correlations and with between-study variance estimations based on the “more conservative” Sidik-Jonkman estimator. Effect sizes were interpreted in accordance with Cohen (1992): negligible (r < 0.1), small (r = 0.1–0.29), medium (r = 0.3–0.5), and large (r > 0.5), and indicated with the symbols N, S, M, and L, respectively. Negative effects are shown in red circles, positive effects in blue circles. Black lines indicate effects of single whole-body determinants, red lines indicate effects of single muscle determinants and gray lines indicate integrative effects of multiple muscle determinants. *indicates that limited research is available (i.e., only 1 or 2 studies). Studies included in the meta-analysis:Hoppeler et al. (1973), Booth and Narahara (1974), Hultén et al. (1975), Costill et al. (1976), Bergh et al. (1978), Foster et al. (1978), Ingjer (1978), Rusko et al. (1978, 1980), Ivy et al. (1980a,b), Gregor et al. (1981), Inbar et al. (1981), Komi et al. (1981), Nygaard (1981), Zumstein et al. (1983), Coyle et al. (1984, 1988, 1992), Lortie et al. (1985), Neary et al. (1992, 2003), Farrell et al. (1993), Horowitz et al. (1994), Tonkonogi and Sahlin (1997), Dawson et al. (1998), Bishop et al. (2000), Passfield and Doust (2000), Hansen et al. (2002), Bentley and McNaughton (2003), Lucía et al. (2004), Mogensen et al. (2006), Baldari et al. (2007), Farina et al. (2007), Hansen and Sjøgaard (2007), Flynn et al. (2009), Iaia et al. (2009), Suriano et al. (2010), Jacobs et al. (2011), Kohn et al. (2011), Hopker et al. (2013), Jacobs and Lundby (2013), Støren et al. (2013), Hunter et al. (2015), Gifford et al. (2016), van der Zwaard et al. (2016a, 2018b), Vikmoen et al. (2016), Lundby et al. (2017), Cardinale et al. (2018), Dandanell et al. (2018), Mitchell et al. (2018), Batterson et al. (2020), Kovács et al. (2020).