Table 5.

In vivo results of therapies interfering with pneumococcal virulence. p.i.: post-infection.

Compound	In vivo model	Treatment schedule	Endpoint	References
B-sitosterol	Murine intranasal infection model	80 mg/kg subcutaneously, 1 h p.i., repeated every 4 h for 48 h	Increase in murine survival from 10% to 70% 120 h p.i., 2-log reduction in bacterial burden 48 h p.i., decrease in pulmonary inflammation 48 h p.i.	(Li et al. 2015)
Verbascoside	Murine intranasal infection model	100 mg/kg subcutaneously, 2 h p.i.	Increase in murine survival from 25% to 75% 120 h p.i., 1-log reduction in lung burden 48 h p.i., visual pulmonary inflammation is reduced 48 h p.i.	(Zhao et al. 2016)
Shikonin	Murine intranasal infection model	50 mg/kg orally, 2 h p.i., repeated once daily	Increase in murine survival from 10% to 60% 5 days p.i., 1-log reduction in lung burden, reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration and cell damage 3 days p.i.	(Zhao et al. 2017)
EGCG	Murine intranasal infection model	50 mg/kg, subcutaneously, directly after infection, repeated in 8 h intervals	Increase in murine survival from 40% to 60% 120 h p.i., 1-log reduction in lung burden 48 h p.i., reduction in overall inflammatory reactions in the lung 48 h p.i.	(Song et al. 2017b)
Liposomes	Murine intranasal infection model	100 mg/kg intranasally, 30 min p.i.	Increase in murine survival from 40% to 80%, 1-log reduction in lung and blood burden, reduction in inflammatory responses in the lungs 24 h p.i.	(Henry et al. 2015)
Liposomes	Lethal murine sepsis model	100 mg/kg intravenously, 6 h p.i.	Increase in murine survival from 0% to 50–60%, 4-log reduction in bacterial blood burden, reduction in inflammatory responses in the lungs, 2-fold reduction in blood TNF-alpha levels 24 h p.i.	(Henry et al. 2015)
indolicidin and ranalexin analogues	Murine pneumonia model	20 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 1 h, 12 h and 24 h p.i.	Increase in murine survival from 0% to 30–50%, clearance of bacteria in blood, reduction in tissue damage in lungs and spleen 7 days p.i.	(Jindal et al. 2017)
indolicidin and ranalexin analogues	Lethal murine sepsis model	10 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 1 h, 12 h and 24 h p.i.	Increase in murine survival from 0% to 60%, reduction in bacterial burden, decrease in tissue damage in lungs and spleen 7 days p.i.	(Jindal et al. 2017)
Benzoxazolone	Guinea pig otitis media model	12 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice daily for 3 months	Prevention of biofilm formation on cochlear implants after 3 months	(Cevizci et al. 2015)
LMIP-PhrA	Murine intranasal infection model	100 nM/50 µL intranasally, at time of infection	Increase in murine survival from 37 h to 65 h, 2-log reduction in bacterial blood burden 24 h p.i.	(Motib et al. 2017)
Sinefungin	Rat otitis media model	1,75 µg/rat in the middle ear, at time of infection	0.7 log reduction in burden on bulla 1 week p.i.	(Yadav et al. 2014)