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eNAD and purinergic signaling. Pathological or physiological stimuli, including hypoxic and inflammatory conditions, metabolic and cellular stress, promote the release of NAD from the cell. NAD can then bind to P2X (isoforms P2X1, P2X4, P2X7) and P2Y (isoforms P2Y1, P2Y11), activating several intracellular signaling and modulating immune responses.
