. 2021 Aug 18;8(8):210382. doi: 10.1098/rsos.210382

Table 3.

Estimates from separate regressions of each polygenic trait (or genotype) on the proportion of paddy rice. This table shows parameter estimates (with p-values) of the effect of rice and control variables from separate regressions of each polygenic trait (or genotype). All models include the covariates of age, the city size of the place where participants grew up (rural, town or city) and ethnic ancestry.

outcome variables: polygenetic scores (or genotypes)		(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
outcome variables: polygenetic scores (or genotypes)		height	BMI	alcohol intolerance: ADH1B	alcohol intolerance: ALDH2	depression	time discounting	age at first birth	educational attainment	risk preference
(A) multivariate regressions
Model 1: benchmark (controlling for ethnic ancestry and latitude/longitude)	β	−0.009	0.001	0.052	0.165***	−0.006	0.023*	−0.017*	−0.012*	0.000
	p-value	0.404	0.901	0.299	<0.001	0.547	0.075	0.078	0.056	0.979
Model 2: further controlling for temperature	β	−0.001	0.001	−0.012	0.198***	−0.005	0.021	−0.015	−0.015**	−0.007
Model 2: further controlling for temperature	p-value	0.934	0.936	0.851	<0.001	0.682	0.191	0.225	0.047	0.547
Model 3: further controlling for distance from coast	β	−0.002	−0.002	−0.005	0.186***	−0.004	0.024	−0.020*	−0.018**	−0.008
Model 3: further controlling for distance from coast	p-value	0.876	0.910	0.932	<0.001	0.750	0.137	0.094	0.020	0.493
Model 4: further controlling for GDP	β	0.004	−0.002	−0.021	0.240***	−0.006	0.011	−0.032**	−0.021**	−0.003
Model 4: further controlling for GDP	p-value	0.802	0.902	0.763	<0.001	0.638	0.522	0.018	0.014	0.793
Model 5: further controlling for contact with herding cultures	β	0.006	−0.003	−0.220**	0.263***	−0.000	0.030	−0.041**	−0.019	0.028
	p-value	0.788	0.875	0.029	0.001	0.994	0.244	0.037	0.124	0.125
Model 6: further controlling for rebellion history	β	0.003	0.009	−0.136	0.251***	0.005	0.038	−0.046**	−0.013	0.028
Model 6: further controlling for rebellion history	p-value	0.894	0.704	0.198	0.002	0.789	0.158	0.025	0.331	0.157
(B) two-stage least squares (2SLS)
Model 7: control for endogeneity of rice farming	β	−0.003	−0.002	0.020	0.182***	−0.003	0.010	−0.029**	−0.015	−0.002
	p-value	0.741	0.373	0.108	<0.001	0.695	0.750	0.021	0.161	0.169
	first stage F-statistic	84.740	84.740	84.740	84.740	84.740	84.740	84.740	84.740	84.740
	p-value	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
	Sargan statistic	2.183	2.445	2.372	2.103	3.087	2.535	2.185	1.805	2.218
	p-value	0.140	0.118	0.124	0.147	0.079	0.111	0.139	0.179	0.136
	N	4101	4101	4101	4101	4101	4101	4101	4101	4101

***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.10.