Table 3.

Various microflora in rumen.

Organism	Species	Mode of action	References
Archaea	Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanomicrobium mobile, Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanoculleus olentangyi	Strictly anaerobic and produce methane from CO2 and H2.	(65, 66)
Protozoa	Entodinium bovis, Entodinium bubalum, Entodinium bursa, Entodinium caudatum, Entodinium chatterjeei, Entodinium parvum, Entodinium longinucleatum, Entodinium dubardi, Entodinium exiguum, Epidinium caudatum, Isotricha prostoma, Isotricha intestinalis, Dasytricha ruminantium, Diplodinium dendatum, Diplodinium indicum, Oligoisotricha bubali, Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Eremoplastron asiaticus, Eremoplastron bubalus	Lignocellulosic digestion and degradation of complex compounds to reducing sugars	(67)
Bacteriophages	Methanobacterium phage Ψ M1, Methanobacterium phage Ψ M10, Methanobacterium phage Ψ M100, Methanothermobacter phage Ψ M100, Methanobacterium phage ΨM2	Strictly anaerobic and produce methane from CO2 and H2.	(3)
Fungus	Piromyces communis, Piromyces mae, Piromyces minutus, Piromyces dumbonicus, Piromyces rhizinflatus, Piromyces spiralis, Piromyces citronii, Piromyces polycephalus, Anaeromyces mucronatus, Anaeromyces elegans, Caecomyces communis, Caecomyces equi, Caecomyces sympodialis, Cyllamyces aberensis, Cyllamyces icaris, Neocallimastix frontalis, Neocallimastix patriciarum, Neocallimastix hurleyensis, Neocallimastix variabilis, Orpinomyces joynii, Orpinomyces intercalaris	Act upon lignin and cellulose fibers to and forms Formate, Succinate, Hydrogen, acetate and lactate.	(68–70)