Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes of the study population (LYMPHONIE study, 2018–2020).
| Study group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal range | non-COVID-19 | COVID-19 | P | |
| N = 36 | N = 27 | |||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 68.0 ± 13.0 | 62.5 ± 10.9 | 0.07 | |
| Male sex, n (%) | 29 (81%) | 17 (63%) | 0.12 | |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 29.1 ± 7.1 | 30.7 ± 8.1 | 0.43 | |
| Chronic comorbidities | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 12 (33%) | 5 (19%) | 0.25 | |
| Pulmonary disease, n (%) | 12 (33%) | 5 (19%) | 0.25 | |
| Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 2 (6%) | 1 (4%) | 0.73 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 5 (14%) | 3 (11%) | 0.74 | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 10 (28%) | 2 (7%) | 0.28 | |
| Charlson score, mean ± SD | 1.5 ± 2.0 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 0.12 | |
| Prehospital anticoagulation therapy, n (%) | 6 (17%) | 0 | 0.033 | |
| Prehospital antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | 9 (25%) | 6 (22%) | 1 | |
| Severity at hospital admission | ||||
| Septic shock, n (%) | 11 (31%) | 0 | 0.0015 | |
| ARDS, n (%) | 23 (64%) | 25 (93%) | 0.015 | |
| Pneumonia Severity Index, mean ± SD | 117.8 ± 38.6 | 94.2 ± 27.1 | 0.006 | |
| SAPS II, mean ± SD | 23.8 ± 9.9 | 19.4 ± 9.4 | 0.08 | |
| SOFA score, mean ± SD | 7.2 ± 3.6 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 0.52 | |
| Biological findings on admission | ||||
| ASAT (IU/l), mean ± SD | 15–37 | 86.3 ± 92.4 | 86.2 ± 54.6 | 0.99 |
| Serum Creatinine (μmol/l), mean ± SD | 59–104 | 132.9 ± 93.3 | 90.2 ± 40.7 | 0.02 |
| NT-ProBNP (pg/ml), mean ± SD | <125 | 5687 ± 7694 | 2225 ± 6257 | 0.05 |
| PaO2:FiO2 (mm Hg), mean ± SD | ≥400 | 123.7 ± 54.9 | 136.2 ± 49.8 | 0.35 |
| Arterial pH (mm Hg), mean ± SD | 7.35–7.45 | 7.35 ± 0.11 | 7.40 ± 0.07 | 0.07 |
| Serum Bicarbonate (mmol/l), mean ± SD | 20–29 | 24.0 ± 5.1 | 24.6 ± 3.1 | 0.59 |
| Lactate level (mmol/l), mean ± SD | 0.5-2.0 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 0.01 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l), mean ± SD | <3.2 | 259.9 ± 156.8 | 172.8 ± 62.9 | 0.004 |
| Procalcitonin (μg/L), mean ± SD | <0.10 | 32.4 ± 61.9 | 2.6 ± 6.6 | 0.007 |
| PT (%), mean ± SD | >70% | 68 ± 20 | 91 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| aPTT, mean ± SD | 0.7–1.2 | 1.31 ± 0.34 | 1.14 ± 0.18 | 0.18 |
| Platelets (x109/l), mean ± SD | 150–400 | 210 ± 873 | 241 ± 929 | 0.18 |
| Leukocytes (x106/l), mean ± SD | 3.8–9.5 | 12.2 ± 6.4 | 10.8 ± 5.7 | 0.38 |
| Neutrophils (x106/l), mean ± SD | 1.7–5.8 | 11.3 ± 5.5 | 9.4 ± 5.6 | 0.18 |
| Lymphocytes (x106/l), mean ± SD | 1.07–4.03 | 0.64 ± 0.40 | 0.78 ± 0.38 | 0.16 |
| Monocytes (x106/l), mean ± SD | 0.2–0.7 | 0.61 ± 0.46 | 0.44 ± 0.25 | 0.05 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Antibiotic multitherapy, n (%) | 29 (81%) | 17 (63%) | 0.12 | |
| Corticosteroids, n (%) | 16 (44%) | 16 (59%) | 0.24 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 0 | 10 (37%) | ||
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 0 | 3 (11%) | ||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 24 (67%) | 23 (85%) | 0.09 | |
| ECMO, n (%) | 0 | 1 (4%) | 0.43 | |
| Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 5 (14%) | 0 | 0.065 | |
| Vasopressors, n (%) | 19 (53%) | 19 (70%) | 0.16 | |
| Outcomes at 30 days | ||||
| Venous thrombotic complications | 2 (6%) | 7 (26%) | 0.0312 | |
| Deep vein thrombosis, n (%) | 1 (3%) | 5 (19%) | 0.07 | |
| Pulmonary embolism, n (%) | 1 (3%) | 3 (11%) | 0.30 | |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 32 (89%) | 274 (100%) | 0.12 | |
| Median ICU length of stay (days) (IQR) | 13 (4-20) | 20 (12-29) | 0.0274 | |
| Median days of mechanical ventilation (IQR) | 4 (0-15) | 15 (7-22) | 0.0049 | |
| Median hospital length of stay (days) (IQR) | 21 (13-30) | 29 (20-30) | 0.087 | |
| 30 day-mortality, n (%) | 2 (6%) | 1 (4%) | 1 | |
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase; NT-proBNP, N-Terminal Fragment of the prohormone Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide; PaO2:FiO2, arterial pressure of oxygen / oxygen inspiratory fraction; NK, Natural killer; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit.