Figure 1.

Schema to generate human liver organoids and strategy regarding their application potential and hepatocyte B virus modeling. Multi-cellular liver organoids are generated and self-organized with parenchyma cells, non-parenchyma cells, and other hematopoietic or/and neuronal supportive cells after stepwise induction from human induced pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells; in contrast, synchronous induction using a CRISPR-based strategy markedly enhances their hepatic functions and improves their reproducibility and scalability. The personalized and population organoid system may provide a reliable platform for high-throughput hepatocyte B virus (HBV) drug screening, allowing to understand novel key points of the HBV lifecycle, gene editing to knock-out the HBV receptor, and distinguish genomic susceptibility in a large population. Transplantable multi-cellular organoids without the HBV receptor have much potential for future applications. ECM: Extracellular matrix; ESCs: Embryonic stem cells; HBV: Hepatocyte B virus; HBVR: Hepatocyte B virus receptor; iPSCs: Induced pluripotent stem cells; KO: Knock-out; NPCs: Non-parenchyma cells, including Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; Supportive cells: Such as neuronal cells, hematopoietic cells, and vascular endothelial cells; PCs: Parenchyma cells such as hepatocytes; Tx: Transplantation.