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. 2021 Aug 7;27(29):4879–4889. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i29.4879

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Experimental design. A: Mice were divided into four goups: Control, anti-control (antibiotics only), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (PBS after antibiotics), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) (F. nucleatum after antibiotics). The mice were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics for 3 wk (except control), F. nucleatum was introduced to mice every 2 d for 6 wk by oral gavage; B: After treatments, the levels of total gut bacteria (left) and F. nucleatum (right) were evaluated; C: After administration of F. nucleatum, levels of total bacteria (left) and F. nucleatum (right) in mice were again evaluated. Data are expressed as means ± SD of three independent experiments. PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline.