Table 2. Univariate Analysis of Association Between Participant Characteristics and Prevalence of Moderate to Severe Vision Impairment (MSVI) and Blindness.
| Characteristic | MSVI | Blindness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age, y | 1.13 (1.08-1.18) | <.001 | 1.16 (1.07-1.25) | <.001 |
| Sex | 1.06 (0.82-0.18) | .67 | 1.28 (0.71-2.31) | .41 |
| Region of residence (urban vs rural) | 1.89 (1.44-2.49) | <.001 | 2.06 (1.24-3.42) | <.001 |
| Ethnicity (non-Russian vs Russian) | 0.91 (0.72-1.16) | .46 | 1.20 (0.73-1.98) | .48 |
| Height | 1.01 (1.00-1.03) | .12 | 1.00 (0.97-1.03) | .95 |
| BMI | 0.99 (0.96-1.02) | .46 | 0.95 (0.89-1.02) | .16 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.73 (0.18-2.92) | .66 | 0.08 (0.004-1.41) | .08 |
| Educational level | 0.88 (0.83-0.93) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.74-0.95) | .005 |
| Current smoking | 0.96 (0.24-3.83) | .95 | 1.02 (NA) | >.99 |
| Any alcohol consumption | 0.64 (0.44-0.93) | .02 | 0.71 (0.30-1.68) | .44 |
| Daily meals, No. | 0.89 (0.77-1.03) | .13 | 0.58 (0.40-0.83) | .003 |
| Fruit consumption, d/wk | 0.91 (0.86-0.97) | .002 | 0.94 (0.84-1.06) | .34 |
| Vegetable consumption, d/wk | 0.90 (0.83-0.97) | .004 | 0.87 (0.76-1.00) | .05 |
| History of headaches | 1.20 (1.02-1.63) | .03 | 1.22 (0.75-1.99) | .43 |
| History of dementia | 0.94 (0.60-1.48) | .94 | 3.47 (1.81-6.65) | <.001 |
| Cholesterol level, mg/dL | ||||
| HDL | 0.80 (0.69-0.93) | .004 | 0.54 (0.37-0.79) | .001 |
| Total | 0.93 (0.85-1.02) | .11 | 0.70 (0.56-0.87) | .001 |
| Triglyceride level, mg/dL | 0.99 (0.84-1.16) | .87 | 0.42 (0.25-0.71) | .001 |
| International normalized ratio | 0.98 (0.39-2.46) | .98 | 19.3 (3.50-106.00) | .001 |
| Prothrombin time, % | 1.00 (0.98-1.01) | .42 | 0.96 (0.94-0.99) | .002 |
| Erythrocyte level, ×106/μL | 0.79 (0.63-0.99) | .04 | 0.90 (0.56-1.46) | .67 |
| Prevalence of diabetes | 1.42 (1.01-2.00) | .04 | 1.11 (0.55-2.23) | .77 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic | 1.01 (1.00-1.01) | .003 | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | .93 |
| Diastolic | 1.01 (1.00-1.02) | .004 | 1.01 (1.00-1.03) | .12 |
| Arterial hypertension stage | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | .02 | 1.07 (0.83-1.37) | .61 |
| Hearing loss score | 1.02 (1.01-1.03) | <.001 | 1.02 (1.00-1.04) | .02 |
| CES-D score | 1.02 (1.01-1.03) | .003 | 1.05 (1.03-1.08) | <.001 |
| STAI score | 1.01 (1.00-1.03) | .03 | 1.03 (1.01-1.06) | .005 |
| Manual dynamometry | ||||
| Right hand | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) | .004 | 0.90 (0.87-0.94) | <.001 |
| Left hand | 0.97 (0.96-0.99) | .003 | 0.90 (0.86-0.95) | <.001 |
| MMSE score | 0.95 (0.93-0.97) | <.001 | 0.89 (0.85-0.93) | <.001 |
| Refractive error (spherical equivalent), diopter | 0.93 (0.89-0.98) | .005 | 1.03 (0.90-1.18) | .69 |
| Axial length, mm | 1.08 (0.95-1.24) | .24 | 0.85 (0.56-1.27) | .42 |
| Intraocular pressurea | 1.06 (1.03-1.10) | <.001 | 1.01 (0.98-1.03) | .63 |
| Cataract surgery | 0.70 (0.49-0.98) | .04 | 0.52 (0.41-0.67) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NA, not available; OR, odds ratio; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
a
Assessed using Goldmann applanation tonometry.