Table 3. . Gene regional methylation associated with gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia.

Gene/region	CpGs	pEBM	pFisher
IGF2_promoter	133	0.16	0.04†
MEST_Body	8	0.08	0.06
ARHGEF11_promoter	20	0.13	0.09
IGF2_Body	18	0.21	0.12
ARHGEF11_Body	32	0.38	0.34
IGF1_Body	12	0.38	0.38
ADIPOQ_Body	2	0.45	0.45
MEST_promoter	81	0.48	0.53
ADIPOQ_promoter	11	0.71	0.75
NR3C1_Body	30	0.69	0.83
NR3C1_promoter	56	0.73	0.85
RETN_promoter	11	0.64	0.86
H19_Body	12	0.82	0.88
H19_promoter	47	0.78	0.96
IGF1_promoter	15	0.96	0.97

^†Significant at p < 0.05.

All models adjusted for maternal height, age, smoking status, passive smoking exposure, prepregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain, parity, pregnancy hypertension; child sex and gestational age at delivery; child age and weight for age z-score at methylation measurement; blood cell type proportions; and ten principal components representing processing batch effects (>90% of variance).

EBM: Empirical Brown method; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.