Table 1.
Total report of Cryptosporidium infection in humans and associated species in southern Africa between 2000 and 2020
| Sample size | No positive | Pooled Prev | 95% CI | Cochran’s Q | I2 | df | α0.05 | Chi2, OR/Anova | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total infection | 5932 | 1121 | 16.8 | 9.7–25.3 | 869.9 | 97.6 | 21 | < 0.0001 | |
| Countries | |||||||||
| South Africa | 1385 | 339 | 21.8* | 6.1–42.6 | 289.2 | 97.9 | 6 | < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 |
| Botswana | 849 | 142 | 13.3 | 1.8–31.1 | 119.3 | 96.6 | 4 | < 0.0001 | |
| Zambia | 1804 | 403 | 20.3* | 7.5–36.8 | 139.8 | 97.9 | 3 | < 0.0001 | |
| Malawi | 1144 | 109 | 8.5 | 0.0–100.0 | 112.5 | 99.1 | 2 | < 0.0001 | |
| Zimbabwe | 413 | 27 | 6.6 | 4.4–9.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.729 | |
| Angola | 337 | 101 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Children with Cryptosporidium spp. infection | |||||||||
| Children infection | 3959 | 913 | 20.5 | 9.6–34.1 | 626.7 | 98.1 | 12 | < 0.0001 | |
| Countries | |||||||||
| South Africa | 1069 | 306 | 24.1* | 1.9–56.5 | 285.9 | 98.6 | 4 | < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 |
| Botswana | 327 | 51 | 15.3 | 8.0–24.3 | 2.1 | 51.8 | 1 | 0.1500 | |
| Zambia | 1309 | 362 | 26.6* | 13.2–42.5 | 42.7 | 95.3 | 2 | < 0.0001 | |
| Malawi | 917 | 93 | 8.5 | 0.0–100.0 | 112.5 | 99.1 | 1 | < 0.0001 | |
| Diarrhoeic patients with Cryptosporidium spp. infection | |||||||||
| Diarrhoeic patients | 1722 | 333 | 17.9 | 9.8–27.6 | 126.9 | 93.7 | 8 | < 0.0001 | |
| Countries | |||||||||
| South Africa | 592 | 81 | 12.7 | 3.6–25.6 | 12.1 | 83.4 | 2 | 0.0020 | X2 = 9.337; P = 0.002; OR = 0.63 |
| Botswana | 685 | 138 | 17.6# | 3.5–37.9 | 75.8 | 96.0 | 3 | < 0.0001 | |
| Malawi | 108 | 13 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Angola | 337 | 101 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| HIV/AIDS patients with Cryptosporidium spp. infection | |||||||||
| HIV/AIDS patients | 1073 | 305 | 25.2 | 5.7–51.0 | 240.5 | 96.8 | 4 | < 0.0001 | |
| Countries | |||||||||
| South Africa | 747 | 274 | 34.9 | 10.9–63.3 | 143.8 | 97.9 | 3 | < 0.0001 | |
| Zambia | 326 | 31 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Diagnostic technique | |||||||||
| ZN | 3676 | 568 | 13.5 | 6.1–23.1 | 332.7 | 97.3 | 9 | < 0.0001 | F2,22 P = 0.5646 R2 = 0.0506 |
| ELISA | 1501 | 413 | 24.4# | 7.8–45.8 | 318.9 | 98.1 | 6 | < 0.0001 | |
| PCR | 2486 | 313 | 11.0 | 4.0–20.5 | 181.1 | 96.1 | 7 | < 0.0001 | |
| Species in humans | |||||||||
| Cryptosporidium spp. species characterised | 123 | 3.8 | 1.3–7.2 | 100.1 | 91.0 | 9 | < 0.0001 | ||
| C. hominis | 186 | 105 | 56.5 | – | – | – | 5 | – | |
| C. parvum | 182 | 58 | 31.9 | – | – | – | 4 | – | |
| C. meleagridis | 79 | 4 | 5.1 | – | – | – | 2 | – | |
| C. andersoni | 50 | 1 | 2.0 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| C. parvum/C. hominis | 50 | 1 | 2.0 | – | – | – | – | – |
I2, level of inconsistency; df, degree of freedom; α0.05, level of significance; OR, odd ratio; F, variance between and within groups; R, coefficient of determination; CI, confidence interval; HIV+, human immunodeficiency virus positive; HIV−, human immunodeficiency virus negative; *, shows significance at P < 0.05; #, no significance at P > 0.05