Table 2.

Potential anti-OA effects of LBP

Cellular studies
Authors	Year	Model	Dosage of LBP	Measured approach	Key findings	Limitations
Ni H, et al. [54]	2019	IL-1β evoked inflammatory injury in ATDC5 cell	300lg/mL LBP	The expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, Cox-2 and miR-124	LBP could decrease the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, and inhibit the expression of Cox-2, which evoked by IL-1β. LBP could increase the concentration of miR-124, then inhibited the activation of JNK and NF-κB pathways.
Jing L, et al. [55]	2018	Palmitate-induced apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts cells	0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml	Cell viability, apoptotic rate and the expression of apoptosis-related genes.	LBP could inhibit palmitate-induced apoptosis which is in a dose-dependent manner, and the activation of the JNK pathway. LBP could decrease the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Caspase-12, GRP78 and CHOP.
Cai ST, et al. [56]	2018	Human OA chondrocytes	0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/mL	Expression of inflammatory cytokines of OA chondrocytes	LBP could inhibit the proliferation of OA chondrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. 400 μg/mL LBP significantly reduced the levels of IL-1 β, TNF-α, iNOS and NF-κBp65 in the supernatant of OA chondrocytes and increased TGF-β expression. LBP could inhibit NF- κ B signal pathway and the inflammatory response of OA chondrocytes cultured in vitro.
Animal studies
Authors	Year	Animal model	Dosage of LBP	Treatment approach	Key findings	Limitations
Liu Y, et al. [57]	2015	collagen type II-induced arthritis mouse model	25, 50 and 100 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal injection for continuous10 days, once daily. The expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, MMP-1 and MMP-3. To observe the bone morphology and measure the paw diameter.	LBP could reduce the paw thickness, protect the bone integrity, and decrease the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17, which are all in a dose-dependent manner. LBP could reduce the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 but not in a dose-dependent manner.