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. 2021 Aug 17;19:161. doi: 10.1186/s12915-021-01100-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Fo5176 infection of Arabidopsis roots leads to temporal dynamic changes in the plant and the fungal transcriptomes. A Microscopic analysis of root infection by Fo5176 over 4 days after microconidia treatment (dpt). Left panels: Representative confocal images of Fo5176 (green) colonizing the different cell layers of Arabidopsis roots (magenta). Scale bars 20 μm. Each image represents a minimum of 9 hydroponically infected and 4 plate-infected roots/dpt. B Percentage of transcripts based on the RNA-seq analysis mapped to the fungal reference genome at all investigated time points using a splice aware sequence aligner (STAR). Values represent the mean ± standard error of four biological replicates. C Fo5176 biomass determination over time based on RNA and determined by qRT-PCR using a fungus-specific primer (Fo5176 β-Tub) relative to an Arabidopsis reference gene (At GAPDH). Values represent the mean ± standard error of four biological replicates. D, E Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) of transcriptional profiles of Arabidopsis (D) and Fo5176 (E). F, G Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated (green) or downregulated (blue) at each root colonization stage (0-6 dpt and 2-6 dpt, respectively) in Arabidopsis (F) and Fo5176 (G)