Table 1.

Path of regulatory institutions in India (1912 - 2020)

	Regulatory Institution
	Provincial Medical Councils, Various Provinces in British India	Medical Council of India (1933)	Medical Council of India (1956)	National Medical Commission
Legislation/Act	Provincial Medical Act by respective provinces in British India	The Indian Medical Council Act, 1933	The Indian Medical Council Act, 1956	The National Medical Commission Act, 2019
Year of Inception	1912–1936	1934	1956	2020
Statutory Regulatory Body	Provincial Medical Council in most provinces with a Medical College	Medical Council of India (MCI) set up in 1934	Medical Council of India—1956	National Medical Commission (NMC)
Composition of Regulatory Body	President nominated by provincial government, members Elected and Nominated from among medical professionals	President—elected from among members One member from each province—nominated by central government One member from each university with a medical faculty One member from each province with a medical council Four members nominated by central government	President—elected from among members One member from each state nominated by central government One member from each university with medical faculty One member from each province, where a medical register is maintained Seven elected members from among medical professionals Eight members nominated by Central Government	A chairperson appointment by central government 10 ex officio members mostly from medical institution under direct jurisdiction of central government 22 part time members—nominated from among the nominees of state government and state medical councils, university and imminent medical professionals Secretary appointed by the central government
Functions of Regulatory Body	Registration and maintenance of register of medical practitioners Supervision of medical standard and examination Disciplinary control of medical practice Guidance to provincial government on medical education	Maintenance of uniform standard of higher education Oversight of examination Establish reciprocity of medical qualifications Recognition of medical qualification from outside based on reciprocity	Recognition of medical qualification by medical institutions within India and other countries as part of reciprocity Registration of medical practitioners and maintaining Indian Medical Register Maintaining standard of medical course, examination Post-graduate and higher medical education Disciplinary action against registered practitioners	Quality and standard of medical education Regulation of medical institutions, medical research and medical professionals Assess requirement human resource and develop roadmap Professional ethics and promoting ethical conduct Regulating fee of private colleges Other functions as required
Minimum Qualification for Registration and practice	All graduates of medical colleges and Universities in British India/institution outside India as per GMC, UK All licentiate, diploma awarded by different institutions/board in Provinces	All graduates in medicine from Indian university/ institution outside India under reciprocity arrangement Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery only from Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were included	MBBS awarded from recognised institution/university in India and from institution outside India under reciprocity arrangement	MBBS awarded from recognised institution/university in India and Institute/outside India may apply for recognition
Qualification awarding institutions	Medical colleges/universities in British India Medical institution in other selected countries as per Schedule 2 Diploma and certificate by Provincial Government medical schools and other examination boards, councils, or universities	Medical colleges/universities within India Selected universities from outside India	Medical colleges/universities in India Selected universities from outside India	Medical colleges/universities in India Selected Universities from outside India if approved/recognised by the NMC