Table 2.
Results of Cox Proportional Hazards Models of Mental Disorders and Two-Way Combinations of Mental Disorders in Suicide Among Men Treated in the Veterans Health Administration
| Diagnosis | Nature of disorder or comorbiditya | Disorder itself | Comorbid substance | Comorbid depression | Comorbid bipolar | Comorbid anxiety | Comorbid schizophrenia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| PTSD | Any | 2.60 (2.39, 2.82) | 3.81 (3.40, 4.27) | 3.07 (2.79, 3.37) | 4.52 (3.87, 5.29) | 3.26 (2.91, 3.65) | 3.42 (2.88, 4.05) |
| Pure | 1.61 (1.34, 1.93) | 2.79 (2.06, 3.78) | 2.03 (1.68, 2.44) | 3.09 (1.36, 7.00) | 1.69 (1.18, 2.42) | 1.56 (0.82, 2.97) | |
| Substance | Any | 2.98 (2.76, 3.21) | 4.27 (3.89, 4.68) | 5.19 (4.57, 5.90) | 4.82 (4.31, 5.39) | 3.68 (3.20, 4.24) | |
| Pure | 1.85 (1.67, 2.07) | — | 3.84 (3.36, 4.39) | 3.33 (2.03, 5.48) | 3.00 (2.11, 4.27) | 2.14 (1.56, 2.93) | |
| Depression | Any | 3.01 (2.84, 3.19) | 4.85 (4.37, 5.37) | 3.48 (3.20, 3.78) | 3.82 (3.38, 4.32) | ||
| Pure | 2.41 (2.20, 2.64) | — | — | 4.05 (3.17, 5.18) | 2.39 (2.07, 2.76) | 3.42 (2.69, 4.33) | |
| Bipolar | Any | 4.29 (3.91, 4.71) | 5.20 (4.46, 6.07) | 4.35 (3.76, 5.04) | |||
| Pure | 3.41 (2.57, 4.51) | — | — | — | 1.34 (0.44, 4.11) | 3.51 (2.48, 4.96) | |
| Anxiety | Any | 2.79 (2.57, 3.02) | 3.77 (3.22, 4.40) | ||||
| Pure | 1.58 (1.34, 1.86) | — | — | — | — | 2.02 (1.13, 3.63) | |
| Schizophrenia | Any | 3.04 (2.77, 3.32) | |||||
| Pure | 2.24 (1.86, 2.69) | — | — | — | — | — |
Note. HR (95% CI) results are based on a common reference group of individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis, adjusting for age. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.
Nature of disorder or comorbidity refers to two groups of male suicide decedents: (a) “Any” refers to all those with a given diagnosis or diagnostic combination irrespective of comorbidity, for example, the HR (95% CI) for PTSD = 2.60 (2.39, 2.82), and that for the combination of PTSD plus substance use disorder = 3.81 (3.40, 4.27); (b) “Pure” refers to only those with a given diagnosis or a given diagnostic combination excluding those with other mental disorders, for example, the HR (95% CI) for PTSD alone = 1.61 (1.34, 1.93), and that for the combination of PTSD plus substance use disorder but with no other mental disorders = 2.79 (2.06, 3.78).