Table 4.
An approximation of chemical sources in landfills associated with 10% face masks used.
| Country | Total population | Face mask acceptance (%) | Daily mask usage |
Organic compound ng d−1 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPAa | OPAa | AOa | OPEb | ||||
| Bangladesh | 169,775,000 | 63 | 1069,582.5 | 1155,149,100 | 6588,628,200 | 7487,077,500 | 36,633,200.63 |
| China | 1424,548,000 | 84 | 11,966,203.2 | 12,923,499,456 | 73,711,811,712 | 83,763,422,400 | 409,842,459.6 |
| Indonesia | 27,223,000 | 78 | 212,339.4 | 229,326,552 | 1308,010,704 | 1486,375,800 | 7272,624.45 |
| India | 1383,198,000 | 80 | 11,065,584 | 11,950,830,720 | 68,163,997,440 | 77,459,088,000 | 378,996,252 |
| Vietnam | 98,360,000 | 91 | 895,076 | 966,682,080 | 5513,668,160 | 6265,532,000 | 30,656,353 |
| Sri Lanka | 21,084,000 | 80 | 168,672 | 182,165,760 | 1039,019,520 | 1180,704,000 | 5777,016 |
| Philippines | 109,703,000 | 90 | 987,327 | 1066,313,160 | 6081,934,320 | 6911,289,000 | 33,815,949.75 |
| Thailand | 69,411,000 | 86 | 596,934.6 | 644,689,368 | 3677,117,136 | 417,8542,200 | 20,445,010.05 |
| Myanmar | 54,808,000 | 80 | 438,464 | 473,541,120 | 2700,938,240 | 3069,248,000 | 150,17,392 |
| Pakistan | 208,362,000 | 68.8 | 1433,530.56 | 1548,213,005 | 8830,548,250 | 10,034,713,920 | 49,098,421.68 |
| Malaysia | 32,869,000 | 87 | 285,960.3 | 308,837,124 | 1761,515,448 | 2001,722,100 | 9794,140.275 |
| Japan | 126,496,000 | 83 | 1049,916.8 | 1133,910,144 | 6467,487,488 | 7349,417,600 | 35,959,650.4 |
| South Korea | 25,841,000 | 84 | 217,064.4 | 234,429,552 | 1337,116,704 | 1519,450,800 | 7434,455.7 |
| Norway | 5450,000 | 23 | 12,535 | 13,537,800 | 77,215,600 | 87,745,000 | 429,323.75 |
| Russia | 143,787,000 | 60 | 862,722 | 931,739,760 | 5314,367,520 | 6039,054,000 | 29,548,228.5 |
| United Kingdom | 67,334,000 | 71 | 478,071.4 | 516,317,112 | 2944,919,824 | 3346,499,800 | 16,373,945.45 |
| Spain | 46,459,000 | 95 | 441,360.5 | 476,669,340 | 2718,780,680 | 3089,523,500 | 15,116,597.13 |
| Sweden | 10,122,000 | 5 | 5061 | 5465,880 | 31,175,760 | 35,427,000 | 173,339.25 |
| France | 65,721,000 | 88 | 578,344.8 | 624,612,384 | 3562,603,968 | 4048,413,600 | 19,808,309.4 |
| Germany | 82,540,000 | 69 | 569,526 | 615,088,080 | 3508,280,160 | 3986,682,000 | 19,506,265.5 |
| Italy | 59,132,000 | 94 | 555,840.8 | 600,308,064 | 3423,979,328 | 3890,885,600 | 19,037,547.4 |
| Greece | 11,103,000 | 80 | 88,824 | 95,929,920 | 547,155,840 | 621,768,000 | 3042,222 |
| Ireland | 343,000 | 83 | 2846.9 | 3074,652 | 17,536,904 | 19,928,300 | 97,506.325 |
| Finland | 5580,000 | 52 | 29,016 | 31,337,280 | 178,738,560 | 203,112,000 | 993,798 |
| Denmark | 5797,000 | 62 | 35,941.4 | 38,816,712 | 221,399,024 | 251,589,800 | 1230,992.95 |
| Netherland | 17,181,000 | 75 | 128,857.5 | 139,166,100 | 793,762,200 | 902,002,500 | 4413,369.375 |
| Belgium | 11,620,000 | 85 | 98,770 | 106,671,600 | 608,423,200 | 691,390,000 | 338,2872.5 |
| Portugal | 10,218,000 | 87 | 88,896.6 | 96,008,328 | 547,603,056 | 622,276,200 | 3044,708.55 |
| Romania | 19,388,000 | 87 | 168,675.6 | 182,169,648 | 1039,041,696 | 1180,729,200 | 5777,139.3 |
| Saudi Arabia | 34,710,000 | 83 | 288,093 | 311,140,440 | 1774,652,880 | 2016,651,000 | 9867,185.25 |
| Iran | 83,587,000 | 64 | 534,956.8 | 577,753,344 | 3295,333,888 | 3744,697,600 | 18,322,270.4 |
| UAE | 9813,000 | 88 | 86,354.4 | 93,262,752 | 531,943,104 | 604,480,800 | 2957,638.2 |
| Nigeria | 206,153,000 | 90 | 1855,377 | 2003,807,160 | 11,429,122,320 | 12987,639,000 | 63,546,662.25 |
| South Africa | 58,721,000 | 78 | 458,023.8 | 494,665,704 | 2821,426,608 | 3206,166,600 | 15,687,315.15 |
| Turkey | 83,836,000 | 82 | 687,455.2 | 742,451,616 | 4234,724,032 | 4812,186,400 | 23,545,340.6 |
| Israel | 8714,000 | 78 | 67,969.2 | 73,406,736 | 418,690,272 | 475,784,400 | 2327,945.1 |
| USA | 331,432,000 | 73 | 2419,453.6 | 2613,009,888 | 14,903,834,176 | 16,936,175,200 | 82,866,285.8 |
| Canada | 37,603,000 | 78 | 293,303.4 | 316,767,672 | 1806,748,944 | 2053,123,800 | 10,045,641.45 |
| Argentina | 45,510,000 | 85 | 386,835 | 417,781,800 | 2382,903,600 | 2707,845,000 | 13,249,098.75 |
| Brazil | 213,863,000 | 50 | 1069,315 | 115,4860,200 | 6586,980,400 | 7485,205,000 | 36,624,038.75 |
| Chile | 18,473,000 | 86 | 158,867.8 | 171,577,224 | 978,625,648 | 1112,074,600 | 5441,222.15 |
| Colombia | 50,220,000 | 88 | 441,936 | 477,290,880 | 2722,325,760 | 3093,552,000 | 15,136,308 |
| Australia | 25,398,000 | 32 | 81,273.6 | 87,775,488 | 500,645,376 | 568,915,200 | 2783,620.8 |
| New Zealand | 4834,000 | 70 | 33,838 | 36,545,040 | 208,442,080 | 236,866,000 | 1158,951.5 |
| Mexico | 133,870,000 | 82 | 1097,734 | 1185,552,720 | 6762,041,440 | 7684,138,000 | 37,597,389.5 |
| Costa Rica | 5044,000 | 87 | 43,882.8 | 47,393,424 | 270,318,048 | 307,179,600 | 1502,985.9 |
| Kazakhsthan | 18,794,372 | 80 | 150,354.976 | 162,383,374.1 | 926,186,652.2 | 1052,484,832 | 5149,657.928 |
| Oman | 5115,955 | 80 | 40,927.64 | 44,201,851.2 | 252,114,262.4 | 286,493,480 | 1401,771.67 |
| Kuwait | 4275,450 | 80 | 34,203.6 | 36,939,888 | 210,694,176 | 239,425,200 | 1171,473.3 |
| Singapore | 5854,053 | 80 | 46,832.424 | 50,579,017.92 | 288,487,731.8 | 327,826,968 | 1604,010.522 |
| Bahrain | 1705,531 | 80 | 13,644.248 | 14,735,787.84 | 840,48,567.68 | 95,509,736 | 467,315.494 |
| Armenia | 2963,706 | 80 | 23,709.648 | 25,606,419.84 | 146,051,431.7 | 165,967,536 | 812,055.444 |
| Afghanisthan | 38,992,638 | 80 | 311,941.104 | 336,896,392.3 | 1921,557,201 | 2183,587,728 | 10,683,982.81 |
| Nepal | 29,176,450 | 80 | 233,411.6 | 252,084,528 | 1437,815,456 | 1633,881,200 | 7994,347.3 |
| Lebanon | 6822,802 | 80 | 54,582.416 | 58,949,009.28 | 336,227,682.6 | 382,076,912 | 1869,447.748 |
| Maldives | 541,266 | 80 | 4330.128 | 4676,538.24 | 26,673,588.48 | 30,310,896 | 148,306.884 |
| Hong Kong | 7501,879 | 80 | 60,015.032 | 64,816,234.56 | 369,692,597.1 | 420,105,224 | 2055,514.846 |
| Taiwan | 23,820,377 | 80 | 190,563.016 | 205,808,057.3 | 1173,868,179 | 1333,941,112 | 6526,783.298 |
| Cambodia | 16,736,949 | 80 | 133,895.592 | 144,607,239.4 | 824,796,846.7 | 937,269,144 | 4585,924.026 |
| Global Environmental Exposure per day | 49,501,826,227 | 2.82344E+11 | 3.20845E+11 | 1569,849,582 | |||
SPA: Synthetic phenolic antioxidants; OPA: Organophosphite antioxidants; AO: Synthetic antioxidants; OPE: Organophosphate esters; a: Study results of Liu and Mabury (2021); b: Study results of Fernández-Arribas et al. (2021); Face mask acceptance rate adopted from Chowdhury et al. (2021).