Table 1.
Percentage or mean demographics, biological markers, smoking, and education according to PPC-Stage in ARIC participants (1996-2018)
| Study variables | Study population (n = 5569) | PPC-Stage I health/incidental (n = 1612) | PPC-Stage II mild (n = 887) | PPC-Stage III moderate (n = 863) | PPC-Stage IV severe (n = 366) | PPC-Stage V high GI/mild TL (n = 513) | PPC-Stage VI reduced periodontium moderate TL (n = 648) | PPC-Stage VII severe TL (n = 680) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 62.4 (5.6) | 61.7 (5.5) | 62.3 (5.9) | 62.8 (5.6) | 61.7 (5.8) | 61.7 (5.6) | 63.8 (5.6) | 63.0 (5.5) | <0.0001 |
| Male (%) | 44.9 | 32.0 | 52.1 | 54.5 | 65.9 | 46.6 | 43.8 | 42.5 | <0.0001 |
| Mississippi (African American) (%) | 14.7 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 38.3 | 70.2 | 12.2 | 27.7 | |
| North Carolina (Caucasian) (%) | 24.5 | 35.7 | 31.0 | 13.2 | 15.9 | 7.2 | 29.8 | 16.3 | |
| North Carolina (African American) (%) | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 2.8 | |
| Maryland (Caucasian) (%) | 25.8 | 15.4 | 39.2 | 26.3 | 33.6 | 11.3 | 31.3 | 33.5 | |
| Minnesota (Caucasian) (%) | 33.4 | 46.0 | 27.3 | 59.3 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 22.8 | 19.7 | <0.0001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.1 (5.1) | 27.1 (4.6) | 28.0 (4.7) | 27.8 (4.7) | 29.0 (6.0) | 29.3 (5.5) | 28.4 (5.0) | 29.0 (6.0) | <0.0001 |
| Weight | |||||||||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |
| Normal (BMI 18.5 ≤ 25.0) | 27.8 | 34.7 | 26.9 | 29.7 | 24.9 | 18.0 | 24.3 | 22.7 | |
| Overweight (BMI 25 ≤ 30) | 42.1 | 43.0 | 44.4 | 40.8 | 36.4 | 42.6 | 41.6 | 42.2 | |
| Obese Class I (BMI 30 ≤ 35) | 20.4 | 15.8 | 19.8 | 23.8 | 23.0 | 23.8 | 23.1 | 20.9 | |
| Obese Class II and above (BMI ≥ 35) | 8.9 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 5.5 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 10.1 | 13.2 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 30.7 | 24.6 | 29.2 | 26.1 | 39.5 | 41.5 | 36.3 | 35.1 | <0.0001 |
| Low HDL (<40 mg/dL) (%) | 24.9 | 18.1 | 29.0 | 27.6 | 29.0 | 21.8 | 29.6 | 28.2 | <0.0001 |
| High triglycerides (>200 mg/dL) | 15.3 | 17.0 | 17.8 | 15.9 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 16.8 | 15.3 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol-lowering medications (%) | 12.2 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 12.8 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 0.12 |
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Current smoker (%) | 12.3 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 16.6 | 17.0 | 11.8 | 16.0 | 22.3 | <0.0001 |
| Former smoker (%) | 38.8 | 37.5 | 37.1 | 45.6 | 35.1 | 33.6 | 41.0 | 39.3 | |
| Never smoker (%) | 48.9 | 55.7 | 56.7 | 37.8 | 48.0 | 54.6 | 43.0 | 38.5 | |
| Education level | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Basic (<12 Years) (%) | 12.2 | 5.1 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 22.1 | 22.1 | 15.6 | 26.8 | |
| Intermediate (12-16 years) (%) | 43.5 | 42.3 | 44.2 | 44.7 | 39.1 | 32.8 | 48.8 | 49.4 | |
| Advanced (17-21 years) (%) | 44.3 | 52.6 | 47.9 | 49.7 | 38.8 | 45.1 | 35.7 | 23.8 | |
| Outcomes | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Alive (%) | 48.3 | 57.8 | 50.7 | 49.5 | 38.5 | 46.2 | 41.1 | 35.2 | |
| Incident diabetes (%) | 24.2 | 21.0 | 23.2 | 20.9 | 29.0 | 25.3 | 25.2 | 32.9 | |
| All-cause mortality (%) | 27.5 | 21.2 | 26.0 | 29.7 | 32.5 | 28.5 | 33.8 | 31.9 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GI, gingival inflammation index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; PPC, periodontal profile class; TL, tooth loss.