Table 2.
Proportion and ORs of absence of previous HIV testing in sexually transmitted HIV-positive persons cases diagnosed at late-stage HIV infection in Singapore, 2012–2017
| Characteristic | Without previous HIV testing (%) | Univariable model | Multivariable model | ||||
| cOR | (95% CI) | P value | aOR | (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age at diagnosis (years) | <0.0005 | <0.0005 | |||||
| 15–24 | 44.4 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| 25–34 | 38.4 | 0.78 | (0.34 to 1.78) | 0.552 | 0.76 | (0.31 to 1.85) | 0.546 |
| 35–44 | 49.6 | 1.23 | (0.55 to 2.73) | 0.61 | 0.89 | (0.38 to 2.11) | 0.794 |
| 45–54 | 73.6 | 3.48 | (1.56 to 7.76) | 0.002 | 1.97 | (0.83 to 4.68) | 0.126 |
| 55–64 | 83.6 | 6.37 | (2.72 to 14.92) | <0.0005 | 2.71 | (1.07 to 6.85) | 0.035 |
| >65 | 93.4 | 17.81 | (5.02 to 63.20) | <0.0005 | 6.14 | (1.60 to 23.50) | 0.008 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 62.8 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| Female | 83.1 | 2.91 | (1.58 to 5.37) | 0.001 | |||
| Ethnic group | 0.087 | ||||||
| Chinese | 65.6 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| Malay | 60.3 | 0.8 | (0.57 to 1.12) | 0.194 | |||
| Indian | 73.3 | 1.44 | (0.73 to 2.84) | 0.29 | |||
| Others | 50 | 0.52 | (0.27 to 1.01) | 0.053 | |||
| Marital status | <0.0005 | ||||||
| Single | 51.7 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| Married | 82.2 | 4.3 | (3.02 to 6.13) | <0.0005 | |||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 81.3 | 4.05 | (2.58 to 6.35) | <0.0005 | |||
| Educational level* | <0.0005 | 0.039 | |||||
| No formal/primary | 88.9 | 14.45 | (6.87 to 30.39) | <0.0005 | 3.23 | (1.40 to 7.46) | 0.006 |
| Secondary | 66.9 | 3.65 | (2.09 to 6.37) | <0.0005 | 1.51 | (0.81 to 2.84) | 0.195 |
| Post-secondary/diploma | 63.6 | 3.16 | (1.98 to 5.04) | <0.0005 | 1.75 | (1.03 to 2.96) | 0.038 |
| University degree or higher | 35.6 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| Occupational type* | <0.0005 | ||||||
| Professional/executive | 49 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| Administrative/service | 58.7 | 1.48 | (1.05 to 2.07) | 0.023 | |||
| Blue-collar worker | 84.5 | 5.66 | (3.58 to 8.95) | <0.0005 | |||
| Unemployed | 80.4 | 4.27 | (2.03 to 8.98) | <0.0005 | |||
| Others | 68.2 | 2.23 | (1.31 to 3.81) | 0.003 | |||
| Mode of detection | <0.0005 | <0.0005 | |||||
| Voluntary screening | 26.7 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| Medical care | 72.7 | 7.3 | (4.40 to 12.10) | <0.0005 | 4.15 | (2.35 to 7.33) | <0.0005 |
| Routine programmatic HIV screening† | 54.1 | 3.23 | (1.82 to 5.71) | <0.0005 | 1.9 | (0.99 to 3.65) | 0.054 |
| Others | 36.4 | 1.57 | (0.67 to 3.68) | 0.304 | 0.89 | (0.34 to 2.34) | 0.819 |
| Mode of sexual transmission | |||||||
| Homosexual/bisexual | 43.1 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| Heterosexual | 81.3 | 5.76 | (4.32 to 7.67) | <0.0005 | 3.46 | (2.50 to 4.80) | <0.0005 |
| Type of sexual partners* | <0.0005 | ||||||
| Regular only | 74.5 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| Regular and casual only | 52.9 | 0.39 | (0.24 to 0.63) | <0.0005 | |||
| Sex workers and social escorts | 78.8 | 1.27 | (0.75 to 2.14) | 0.369 | |||
| History of STIs | |||||||
| Yes | 57.7 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| No | 65.8 | 1.41 | (1.00 to 1.98) | 0.048 | |||
*Missing data were imputed.
†Routine programmatic HIV screening includes screening programmes for those with STIs, hospital inpatients and those identified through contact tracing.
aOR, adjusted OR; cOR, crude OR; STIs, sexually transmitted infections.