Table 3.
Proportion and ORs of absence of previous HIV testing in sexually transmitted HIV-positive persons diagnosed at early-stage HIV infection in Singapore, 2012–2017
| Characteristic | Without previous HIV testing (%) | Univariable model | Multivariable model | ||||
| cOR | (95% CI) | P value | aOR | (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age at diagnosis (years) | <0.0005 | <0.0005 | |||||
| 15–24 | 23 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| 25–34 | 20.4 | 0.86 | (0.57 to 1.29) | 0.453 | 1.07 | (0.69 to 1.67) | 0.758 |
| 35–44 | 23.5 | 1.02 | (0.67 to 1.56) | 0.909 | 1.07 | (0.67 to 1.71) | 0.769 |
| 45–54 | 44.1 | 2.64 | (1.71 to 4.08) | <0.0005 | 2.26 | (1.38 to 3.73) | 0.001 |
| 55–64 | 62.4 | 5.53 | (3.20 to 9.56) | <0.0005 | 3.18 | (1.70 to 5.96) | <0.0005 |
| >65 | 90 | 30.06 | (6.73 to 134.30) | <0.0005 | 13.17 | (2.80 to 62.03) | 0.001 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 27.5 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| Female | 62.1 | 4.32 | (2.58 to 7.22) | <0.0005 | 2.07 | (1.13 to 3.78) | 0.018 |
| Ethnic group | 0.002 | 0.004 | |||||
| Chinese | 26.7 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| Malay | 36.8 | 1.6 | (1.18 to 2.17) | 0.002 | 1.76 | (1.24 to 2.50) | 0.002 |
| Indian | 40.3 | 1.85 | (1.14 to 2.99) | 0.012 | 1.21 | (0.70 to 2.08) | 0.499 |
| Others | 22.7 | 0.81 | (0.39 to 1.66) | 0.561 | 0.53 | (0.24 to 1.18) | 0.119 |
| Marital status | <0.0005 | ||||||
| Single | 22.5 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| Married | 52.5 | 3.8 | (2.77 to 5.22) | <0.0005 | |||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 56.5 | 4.47 | (2.71 to 7.37) | <0.0005 | |||
| Educational level* | <0.0005 | <0.0005 | |||||
| No formal/primary | 63 | 8.81 | (4.52 to 17.15) | <0.0005 | 2.22 | (1.04 to 4.75) | 0.04 |
| Secondary | 53 | 5.85 | (3.47 to 9.87) | <0.0005 | 2.8 | (1.56 to 5.04) | 0.001 |
| Post-secondary/diploma | 27.2 | 1.94 | (1.30 to 2.90) | 0.001 | 1.15 | (0.74 to 1.79) | 0.538 |
| University degree or higher | 16.2 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| Occupational type* | <0.0005 | ||||||
| Professional/executive | 21.4 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| Administrative/service | 28 | 1.43 | (1.02 to 2.00) | 0.038 | |||
| Blue-collar worker | 61.6 | 5.88 | (3.67 to 9.43) | <0.0005 | |||
| Unemployed | 36.8 | 2.14 | (1.05 to 4.37) | 0.037 | |||
| Others | 26 | 1.29 | (0.86 to 1.93) | 0.223 | |||
| Mode of detection | <0.0005 | <0.0005 | |||||
| Voluntary screening | 12.6 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| Medical care | 45.5 | 5.81 | (3.96 to 8.53) | <0.0005 | 3.66 | (2.39 to 5.59) | <0.0005 |
| Routine programmatic HIV screening† | 34 | 3.58 | (2.49 to 5.16) | <0.0005 | 2.66 | (1.79 to 3.95) | <0.0005 |
| Others | 20.7 | 1.81 | (0.99 to 3.32) | 0.053 | 1.41 | (0.74 to 2.70) | 0.294 |
| Mode of sexual transmission | |||||||
| Homosexual/bisexual | 19.6 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | ||
| Heterosexual | 53 | 4.6 | (3.52 to 6.02) | <0.0005 | 2.17 | (1.55 to 3.04) | <0.0005 |
| Type of sexual partners* | <0.0005 | ||||||
| Regular only | 36 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| Regular and casual only | 23.3 | 0.54 | (0.37 to 0.78) | 0.001 | |||
| Sex workers and social escorts | 47.8 | 1.63 | (1.06 to 2.48) | 0.025 | |||
| History of STIs | |||||||
| Yes | 25.6 | 1 | Referent | ||||
| No | 31 | 1.31 | (0.99 to 1.73) | 0.06 | |||
*Missing data were imputed.
†Routine programmatic HIV screening includes screening programmes for those with STIs, hospital inpatients and those identified through contact tracing.
aOR, adjusted OR; cOR, crude OR; STIs, sexually transmitted infections.