TABLE 1.

Characteristics of studies included in this systematic review

Study	Type of sample	Sequencing technique	Pathogen(s) found	Reference standard	No. of positive samples	No. of negative samples	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)
Hong et al. (26)	Cerebrospinal fluid	Illumina MiSeq (CA, USA)	Viruses	PCR	19	47	0.74 (0.49–0.91)	0.66 (0.51-0.79)
Miller et al. (24)	Cerebrospinal fluid	Illumina HiSeq	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, DNA viruses, RNA viruses	Conventional laboratory results and additional molecular testing	56	118	0.89 (0.78–0.96)	0.99 (0.95–1)
Wilson al. (25)	Cerebrospinal fluid	Illumina HiSeq	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, DNA viruses, RNA viruses	Conventional laboratory results and additional molecular testing	58	149	0.55 (0.42–0.68)	0.98 (0.94–1)
Blauwkamp et al. (14)	Plasma (cfDNAa)	Illumina NextSeq 500	Bacteria, DNA viruses, fungi, eukaryotic, parasites	Conventional laboratory results and additional molecular testing	182	166	0.93 (0.88–0.96)	0.63 (0.55–0.70)
Parize et al. (10)	Plasma	Ion Proton (Life Technologies, USA)	Bacteria, viruses	Culture, serological diagnosis and PCR	19	82	0.63 (0.38–0.84)	0.71 (0.60–0.80)
Somasekar et al. (13)	Serum	Illumina HiSeq	Viruses	PCR	26	246	0.96 (0.80–1)	1 (0.98–1)
Rossoff et al. (12)	Plasma	Illumina NextSeq 500	Bacteria, DNA viruses, fungi, eukaryotic parasites	Clinical review	61	39	0.92 (0.82–0.97)	0.64 (0.47–0.79)
Schlaberg et al. (19)	Respiratory samples	Illumina HiSeq 2500	Viruses	Clinical review	60	59	0.90 (0.79–0.96)	0.64 (0.51–0.76)
Street et al. (20)	Sonication/synovial fluid	Illumina MiSeq	Bacteria	Culture	69	97	0.88 (0.78–0.95)	0.88 (0.79–0.93)
Thoendel et al. (21)	Sonication/synovial fluid	Illumina HiSeq 2500	Bacteria	Culture	146	67	0.83 (0.76–0.89)	0.69 (0.56–0.79)
Ivy et al. (3)	Sonication/synovial fluid	Illumina HiSeq 2500	Bacteria, fungi	Culture	82	60	0.82 (0.72–0.89)	0.35 (0.23–0.48)
Doan et al. (27)	Intraocular fluid samples	Illumina HiSeq 4000	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, DNA viruses	PCR	31	36	0.87 (0.70–0.96)	0.78 (0.61–0.90)
Cheng et al. (5)	Heart valves	Illumina HiSeq	Bacteria	Clinical review	41	7	0.98 (0.87–1)	0.86 (0.42–1)

^acfDNA, circulating free DNA.