Table 1.

Summary of the targets and strategies to restore BBB integrity

	Therapeutic targets	Targeting strategies	Ref.
Paracellular permeability	VE‐cadherin	miR‐27a/VE‐cadherin interaction: e.g., BlockmiR CD5‐2	[ 92 ]
		S1PR1 agonist or modulator: e.g., SEW2871, FTY720	[96, 97, 98]
	Claudin‐5	Chronic antidepressant treatment: e.g., imipramine	[ 21 ]
		microRNAs: e.g., miR‐15a/16‐1	[ 100 ]
		Regulation of transcription factor: e.g., HADC inhibitor (MS‐275) for FOXO1; SOX18	[ 17 ]
		VE‐cadherin: e.g., BlockmiR CD5‐2	[ 92 ]
	ZO‐1	miR‐501‐3p	[ 101 ]
	Occludins	Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs)	[ 102 ]
Transcellular permeability	Caveolae‐mediated transcytosis	Small GTPase: RhoA inhibitor: e.g., H‐1152 Rac‐1 activator: e.g., IFN‐α, IFN‐β	[ 103 ]
		Msfd2a	[ 15 ]
Efflux transporter	P­gp	Pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist	[ 104 ]
	ABCC1	Thiethylperazine	[ 105 ]
	Pharmacological restoration of LRP1 or GLUT1 expression	VEGF‐B inhibitor?	[ 106 ]