Table 2. Demographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables according to speech articulation disorders and tongue position.

Variables	Speech Distortion [n(%)]		Tongue position [n (%)]
	Absent	Present	Normal	Altered
Demographic and socioeconomic variables
Sex
Female	252 (84.3)	47 (15.7)	237 (79.3)	62 (20.7)
Male	209 (84.6)	38 (15.4)	208 (84.9)	37 (15.1)
Age
7-10 years	298 (76.0)	64 (24.0)	291 (80.6)	70 (19.4)
11-13 years	161 (88.5)	21 (11.5)	153 (84.5)	28 (15.5)
Skin color
White	363 (84.0)	69 (16.0)	353 (82.1)	77 (17.9)
Non-white	98 (86.0)	16 (14.0)	92 (80.7)	22 (17.3)
Mother’s education
< 8 years	144 (84.2)	27 (15.8)	141 (82.5)	30 (17.5)
> 8 years	297 (84.6)	54 (15.4)	284 (81.4)	65 (18.6)
Father’s education
< 8 years	172 (84.7)	31 (15.3)	160 (78.8)	43 (21.2)
> 8 years	236 (83.4)	47 (16.6)	234 (83.3)	47 (16.7)
Clinical Variables
Angle Classification
Class I	379 (84.0)	72 (16.0)	371 (82.6)	78 (17.4)
Class II	59 (86.7)	9 (13.2)	53 (77.9)	15 (22.1)
Class III	10 (83.3)	2 (16.7)	8 (66.7)	4 (33.3)
Overjet
Normal	284 (84.0)	54 (16.0)	290 (85.8)	48 (14.2)
Anterior crossbite	16 (76.2)	5 (23.8)	18 (85.7)	3 (14.3)
Increased	126 (90.0)	14 (10.0)	111 (80.4)	27 (19.6)
Overbite
Normal	177 (80.1)	44 (19.9)	177 (80.5)	43 (19.5)
Anterior open bite	36 (69.2)	16 (30.8)	23 (44.2)	29 (55.8)
Deep bite	221 (92.5)	18 (7.5)	222 (93.3)	16 (6.7)
Posterior crossbite
Absent	409 (85.7)	68 (14.3)	396 (83.4)	79 (16.6)
Present	44 (73.3)	16 (26.7)	41 (68.3)	19 (31.7)
Untreated dental caries
Absent	343 (84.9)	61 (15.1)	327 (81.3)	75 (18.7)
Present	118 (83.1)	24 (16.9)	118 (83.1)	24 (16.9)
Respiratory mode
Normal	292 (84.9)	52 (15.1)	306 (89.2)	37 (10.8)
Oral/Oronasal	169 (83.7)	33 (16.3)	139 (69.2)	62 (30.8)

Values less than 547 are due to missing data.