Table 3. Unadjusted and adjusted association between the independent variables for tongue position, determined using Poisson regression with robust variance.
| Variables | Unadjusted | P-value | Adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|
| PRa (CIb 95%) | PRa (CIb 95%) | ||
| Demographic and socioeconomic variables | |||
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1 | 0.094 | 1 |
| Male | 0 .72 (0.50-1.05) | 0.65 (0.44-0.95)* | |
| Age | |||
| 7-10 years | 1 | 0.269 | - |
| 11-13 years | 0.79 (0.53-1.19) | ||
| Skin color | |||
| White | 1 | 0.731 | - |
| Non-white | 1.07 (0.70-1.65) | ||
| Mother’s education | |||
| < 8 years | 1 | 0.765 | - |
| > 8 years | 1.06 (0.71-1.57) | ||
| Father’s education | |||
| < 8 years | 1 | 0.214 | - |
| > 8 years | 0.78 (0.54-1.14) | ||
| Clinical Variables | |||
| Angle Classification | |||
| Class I | 1 | 0.340 | - |
| Class II | 1.26 (0.77-2.01) | ||
| Class III | 1.91 (0.84-4.38) | ||
| Overjet | |||
| Normal | 1 | 0.991 | - |
| Anterior crossbite | 1.00 (0.34-2.96) | ||
| Increased | 1.37 (0.89-2.11) | ||
| Overbite | |||
| Normal | 1 | <0.001 | 1 |
| Anterior open bite | 2.85 (1.98-4.09) | 2.36 (1.59-3.49)** | |
| Deep bite | 0.34 (0.19-0.59) | 0.39 (0.23-0.67)** | |
| Posterior crossbite | |||
| Absent | 1 | <0.001 | 1 |
| Present | 1.90 (1.24-2.90) | 1.21 (0.79-1.87) | |
| Untreated dental caries | |||
| Absent | 1 | 0.643 | - |
| Present | 0.90 (0.59-1.37) | ||
| Respiratory mode | |||
| Normal | 1 | <0.001 | 1 |
| Oral/Oronasal | 2.85 (1.97-4.13) | 2.51 (1.70-3.71)** |
*P-value <0.05; **P-value <0.01; aPR, prevalence ratio; bCI, confidence interval.