Table 3.

Analgesic interventions that are not recommended for pain management in patients undergoing complex spine surgery

Intervention	Reason for not recommending
Oral gabapentinoids	Significant risk of adverse effects
i.v. methadone	Significant risk of adverse effects
Erector spinae plane block	Limited procedure-specific evidence
Thoracolumbar interfascial plane block	Limited procedure-specific evidence
i.v. lidocaine	Limited procedure-specific evidence
i.v. glucocorticoid	Lack of procedure-specific evidence
i.v. dexmedetomidine	Limited procedure-specific evidence
Epidural opioids	Limited procedure-specific evidence
Intrathecal opioids	Limited procedure-specific evidence
Local anaesthetic wound infusion	Limited and inconsistent procedure-specific evidence
i.v. magnesium	Limited procedure-specific evidence
Surgical interventions	Limited procedure-specific evidence

i.v., intravenous.