Table 3.

Bivariate analyses of factors associated with proportion of time the clinician spent exhibiting each facial expression

Variables	Neutral	p value	Happy	p value	Sad	p value	Angry	p value	Surprised	p value	Scared	p value	Disgusted	p value
Age in years	-0.25	0.15	0.21	0.22	-0.17	0.33	0.12	0.50	0.50	0.003	-0.32	0.06	0.03	0.86
Gender
Men	63 (59-71)	0.55	6 (4-10)	0.60	4 (2-7)	0.89	3 (2-4)	0.11	10 (4-15)	0.41	5 (4-7)	0.29	8 (6-13)	0.55
Women	63 (58-67)		7 (4-10)		4 (2-7)		2 (1-3)		8 (5-9)		7 (3-11)		7 (5-9)
Race/ethnicity
White	63 (54-67)	0.55	7 (4-10)	0.92	5 (2-7)	0.14	3 (1-3)	0.74	7 (3-13)	0.19	6 (3-7)	0.88	9 (6-14)	0.11
Non-white	63 (60-68)		7 (3-9)		3 (2-5)		2 (1-4)		9 (7-11)		6 (4-10)		6 (5-9)
Marital status
Married or unmarried couple	66 (62-69)	0.15	7 (4-11)	0.77	4 (2-6)	0.97	3 (1-3)	0.65	9 (5-11)	0.84	6 (2-7)	0.40	7 (6-9)	0.43
Divorced, separated, widowed, or single	62 (55-65)		7 (3-9)		3 (2-7)		2 [1-4]		8 (5-15)		6 (4-10)		8 (6-14)
Work status
Employed	64 (59-67)	0.86	7 (5-9)	0.64	2 (2-4)	0.047	3 (2-4)	0.28	9 (6-15)	0.15	6 (3-7)	0.62	9 (5-9)	0.90
Student, retired, disabled, or unemployed	63 (60-69)		5 (3-12)		5 (2-7)		2 (1-3)		7 (4-11)		6 (4-8)		7 (6-13)
SHAI-5	0.20	0.27	-0.59	< 0.001	0.36	0.04	-0.37	0.03	-0.24	0.17	-0.03	0.85	-0.27	0.12
TSK-4	0.11	0.54	-0.08	0.66	0.20	0.25	-0.05	0.78	0.22	0.21	-0.35	0.04	-0.18	0.32
PCS-4	0.11	0.54	-0.37	0.03	0.33	0.054	-0.38	0.03	0.11	0.53	-0.15	0.41	-0.37	0.03
PHQ-4
PHQ-2	0.27	0.13	-0.06	0.72	0.22	0.21	-0.42	0.01	-0.52	0.002	0.09	0.62	-0.44	0.01
GAD-2	0.02	0.91	-0.16	0.37	0.36	0.03	-0.46	0.006	-0.44	0.010	0.00	> 0.99	-0.42	0.02
PDRQ-9	-0.14	0.45	-0.09	0.62	0.11	0.53	0.00	0.99	0.11	0.54	0.09	0.62	0.15	0.40

Variables are expressed as the median (interquartile range) or Spearman correlation; bold face indicates statistical significance; SHAI= Short Health Anxiety Inventory; TSK = Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; PCS = Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; PDRQ = Patient-Doctor Relationship Questionnaire.