Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Population by Sex.
| Characteristic | Overall (n=6,341) |
Women (n=4,084) |
Men (n=2,257) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age at first interview, mean (SD) | 75.7 (8.1) | 76.1 (8.4) | 75.1 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Age category at first interview, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 65-74 | 3317 (52.3) | 2078 (50.9) | 1239 (54.9) | |
| 75-84 | 1929 (30.4) | 1225 (30.0) | 704 (31.2) | |
| 85+ | 1095 (17.3) | 781 (19.1) | 314 (13.9) | |
| Age at last interview, mean (SD) | 79.4 (8.2) | 79.9 (8.5) | 78.5 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Age category at last interview, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 65-74 | 2083 (32.8) | 1284 (31.4) | 799 (35.4) | |
| 75-84 | 2471 (38.9) | 1538 (37.6) | 933 (41.3) | |
| 85+ | 1787 (28.1) | 1262 (31.0) | 525 (23.3) | |
| Education level, mean (SD) | 11.7 (3.6) | 11.5 (3.3) | 11.9 (3.9) | 0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity group, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| NH White | 4908 (77.4) | 3106 (76.1) | 1802 (79.8) | |
| NH Black | 906 (14.3) | 637 (15.6) | 269 (11.9) | |
| Hispanic | 527 (8.3) | 341 (8.3) | 186 (8.2) | |
| Wealth (net worth), mean (SD)1 | $491,581.9 ($1,412,825.9) | $391,879.4 ($1,179,712.7) | $675,151.4 ($1,748,725.4) | <0.001 |
| Married or partnered, n (%)1 | 3010 (50.5) | 1476 (38.3) | 1534 (73.1) | <0.001 |
| Geographical regions, n (%)1 | 0.812 | |||
| Northeast | 848 (15.1) | 557 (15.3) | 291 (14.7) | |
| Midwest | 1454 (25.9) | 952 (26.1) | 502 (25.4) | |
| South | 2593 (46.1) | 1669 (45.8) | 924 (46.7) | |
| West | 724 (12.9) | 464 (12.7) | 260 (13.2) | |
| Health/clinical | ||||
| BMI, n (%)1 | <0.001 | |||
| <25.0 | 1828 (34.3) | 1291 (37.8) | 537 (28.1) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 1922 (36.1) | 1069 (31.3) | 853 (44.6) | |
| ≥30.0 | 1576 (29.6) | 1055 (30.9) | 521 (27.3) | |
| Current smoker, n (%)1 | 512 (9.2) | 302 (8.3) | 210 (10.7) | 0.003 |
| Current alcohol use, n (%)1 | 2146 (38.2) | 1172 (32.2) | 974 (49.3) | <0.001 |
| Multimorbidity clusters, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| CVM2 only | 800 (12.6) | 389 (9.5) | 411 (18.2) | |
| CVM & no MHC & 1+ DD | 2880 (45.4) | 1791 (43.9) | 1089 (48.2) | |
| CVM & 1+ MHC | 2571 (40.5) | 1838 (45) | 733 (32.5) | |
| No CVM | 90 (1.4) | 66 (1.6) | 24 (1.1) | |
| Health care utilization | ||||
| Number of all-cause ED visits, mean (SD) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.8 (1.5) | 0.921 |
| Number of all-cause hospitalizations, mean (SD) | 0.5 (1) | 0.5 (1) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.054 |
| Number of physician visits, mean (SD) | 11.6 (9.2) | 11.5 (9) | 11.7 (9.7) | 0.427 |
| Other | ||||
| Count of full years of enrollment, mean (SD) | 4.5 (2.9) | 4.7 (2.9) | 4.3 (2.8) | <0.001 |
| Ever proxy interview, n (%)1 | 1010 (18.7) | 656 (18.7) | 354 (18.6) | 0.916 |
| Deceased, n (%) | 2949 (46.5) | 1869 (45.8) | 1080 (47.9) | 0.111 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Total number of medications used (for ≥90 days during year), mean (SD) | 5.8 (4.5) | 5.9 (4.6) | 5.5 (4.4) | 0.004 |
| Polypharmacy (≥5 simultaneously used medications), n (%)3 | 2619 (41.3) | 1737 (42.5) | 882 (39.1) | 0.007 |
| Number of PIMs, mean (SD)4 | 0.9 (1.7) | 0.9 (1.8) | 0.7 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Individuals with ≥1 PIM, n (%) | 2351 (37.1) | 1611 (39.4) | 740 (32.8) | <0.001 |
| Prevalence of ≥1 PIM by multimorbidity cluster, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| CVM2 only | 208 (26) | 104 (26.7) | 104 (25.3) | |
| CVM & no MHC & 1+ DD | 912 (31.7) | 610 (34.1) | 302 (27.7) | |
| CVM & 1+ MHC | 1199 (46.6) | 875 (47.6) | 324 (44.2) | |
| No CVM | 32 (35.6) | 22 (33.3) | 10 (41.7) | |
Note: Calculations were based on baseline year for each individual.
Missing values due to non-participation in HRS at baseline wave. Missing net worth, n=444 female, n=280 male; coupled, n=226 female, n=159 male; region, n=442 female, n=280 male; BMI, n=669 female, n=346 male; smoking status, n=465 female, n=299 males; alcohol use, n=444 female, n=281 male.
CVM only – concordant cardiovascular-metabolic only pattern; CVM & no MHC & 1+ DD – cardiovascular-metabolic plus discordant physical conditions pattern; CVM & 1+ MHC- DD – cardiovascular-metabolic plus mental health conditions pattern; No CVM – no cardiovascular-metabolic patterns.
Only medications used for ≥90 days were considered in the definition of Polypharmacy
No minimum days used for PIM determination
Abbreviations: BMI (body mass index) was calculated according to the established formula (BMI = weight [pounds] x 703 / height^2 [inches]) using participants’ first self-reported height (HRS does not record height at each interview) and self-reported weight at each interview.
PIM-potentially inappropriate medication.