Table 1.
General characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Hearing impairment | Control | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 1.000 | ||
| 40–44 | 283 (4.8) | 1,132 (4.8) | |
| 45–49 | 394 (6.7) | 1,576 (6.7) | |
| 50–54 | 547 (9.3) | 2,188 (9.3) | |
| 55–59 | 770 (13.2) | 3,080 (13.2) | |
| 60–64 | 917 (15.7) | 3,668 (15.7) | |
| 65–69 | 994 (17.0) | 3,976 (17.0) | |
| 70–74 | 931 (15.9) | 3,724 (15.9) | |
| 75–79 | 695 (11.9) | 2,780 (11.9) | |
| 80–84 | 278 (4.8) | 1,112 (4.8) | |
| ≥85 | 48 (0.8) | 192 (0.8) | |
| Sex | 1.000 | ||
| Male | 3,627 (61.9) | 14,508 (61.9) | |
| Female | 2,230 (38.1) | 8,920 (38.1) | |
| Initial income | 1.000 | ||
| 0 (Lowest) | 157 (2.7) | 628 (2.7) | |
| 1 | 628 (10.7) | 2,512 (10.7) | |
| 2 | 403 (6.9) | 1,612 (6.9) | |
| 3 | 479 (8.2) | 1,916 (8.2) | |
| 4 | 490 (8.4) | 1,960 (8.4) | |
| 5 | 470 (8.0) | 1,880 (8.0) | |
| 6 | 494 (8.4) | 1,976 (8.4) | |
| 7 | 477 (8.1) | 1,908 (8.1) | |
| 8 | 567 (9.7) | 2,268 (9.7) | |
| 9 | 802 (13.7) | 3,208 (13.7) | |
| 10 (Highest) | 890 (15.2) | 3,560 (15.2) | |
| Region of residence | 1.000 | ||
| Urban | 2,380 (40.6) | 9,520 (40.6) | |
| Rural | 3,477 (59.4) | 13,908 (59.4) | |
| Obesitya) | 0.569 | ||
| Underweight | 208 (3.6) | 841 (3.6) | |
| Normal | 2,183 (37.3) | 8,577 (36.6) | |
| Overweight | 1,513 (25.8) | 6,295 (26.9) | |
| Obese I | 1,814 (31.0) | 7,142 (30.5) | |
| Obese II | 139 (2.4) | 573 (2.5) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001b) | ||
| Nonsmoker | 4,216 (72.0) | 16,156 (69.0) | |
| Past smoker | 530 (9.1) | 2,312 (9.9) | |
| Current smoker | 1,111 (19.0) | 4,960 (21.2) | |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001b) | ||
| <1 time a week | 4,406 (75.2) | 16,983 (72.5) | |
| ≥1 time a week | 1,451 (24.8) | 6,445 (27.5) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.731 | ||
| <120 | 1,352 (23.1) | 5,419 (23.1) | |
| 120–139 | 2,666 (20.2) | 10,541 (79.8) | |
| ≥140 | 1,839 (31.4) | 7,468 (31.9) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.060 | ||
| <80 | 2,263 (38.6) | 9,021 (38.5) | |
| 80–89 | 2,181 (37.2) | 8,430 (36.0) | |
| ≥90 | 1,413 (24.1) | 5,977 (25.5) | |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 0.208 | ||
| <100 | 3,706 (63.3) | 14,614 (62.4) | |
| 100–125 | 1,593 (27.2) | 6,410 (27.4) | |
| ≥126 | 558 (9.5) | 2,404 (10.3) | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.012b) | ||
| <200 | 3,247 (55.4) | 12,484 (53.3) | |
| 200–239 | 1,859 (31.7) | 7,749 (33.1) | |
| ≥240 | 751 (12.8) | 3,195 (13.6) | |
| CCI score | <0.001b) | ||
| 0 | 3,182 (54.3) | 13,498 (57.6) | |
| 1 | 1,124 (19.2) | 3,809 (16.3) | |
| 2 | 694 (11.9) | 2,449 (10.5) | |
| 3 | 386 (6.6) | 1,447 (6.2) | |
| ≥4 | 471 (8.0) | 2,225 (9.5) |
Values are presented as number (%).
CCI, Charlson comorbidity index.
a)
Obesity (body mass index, kg/m2) was categorized as <18.5 (underweight), ≥18.5 to <23 (normal), ≥23 to <25 (overweight), ≥25 to <30 (obese I), and ≥30 (obese II).
b)
Chi-square test; significance at P<0.05.