Table 2.
Difference in mean values of income between the initial income levels and 5 years post-enrollment in the hearing impairment and control groups
| Characteristics | Paired t-test |
Interactiona) |
Linear mixed modelb) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Post 1 yr | Post 2 yr | Post 3 yr | Post 4 yr | Post 5 yr | P-value | EVc) | P-value | ||
| Total participants (n=29,285) | 0.021e) | –0.016 | 0.721 | |||||||
| Hearing impairment | 5.829 | 5.831 (0.903) | 5.852 (0.426) | 5.886 (0.074) | 5.965 (<0.001d)) | 5.986 (<0.001d)) | ||||
| Control | 5.829 | 5.902 (<0.001d)) | 5.968 (<0.001d)) | 6.012 (<0.001d)) | 6.073 (<0.001d)) | 6.102 (<0.001d)) | ||||
| Age <65 yr, male (n=9,345) | <0.001e) | –0.015 | 0.836 | |||||||
| Hearing impairment | 5.789 | 5.696 (0.036d)) | 5.685 (0.054) | 5.703 (0.142) | 5.765 (0.656) | 5.706 (0.169) | ||||
| Control | 5.789 | 5.87 (<0.001d)) | 5.917 (<0.001d)) | 5.918 (<0.001d)) | 6.002 (<0.001d)) | 6.002 (<0.001d)) | ||||
| Age <65 yr, female (n=5,210) | 0.428 | –0.038 | 0.715 | |||||||
| Hearing impairment | 4.854 | 4.993 (0.020d)) | 5.033 (0.017d)) | 4.992 (0.095) | 5.205 (<0.001d)) | 5.322 (<0.001d)) | ||||
| Control | 4.854 | 5.073 (<0.001d)) | 5.205 (<0.001d)) | 5.296 (<0.001d)) | 5.382 (<0.001d)) | 5.425 (<0.001d)) | ||||
| Age ≥65 yr, male (n=8,790) | 0.992 | –0.018 | 0.829 | |||||||
| Hearing impairment | 6.291 | 6.321 (0.470) | 6.381 (0.109) | 6.437 (0.014d)) | 6.531 (<0.001d)) | 6.590 (<0.001d)) | ||||
| Control | 6.291 | 6.313 (0.231) | 6.375 (0.006d)) | 6.464 (<0.001d)) | 6.556 (<0.001d)) | 6.632 (<0.001d)) | ||||
| Age ≥65 yr, female (n=5,940) | 0.888 | –0.008 | 0.944 | |||||||
| Hearing impairment | 6.061 | 6.051 (0.841) | 6.052 (0.948) | 6.158 (0.197) | 6.134 (0.473) | 6.157 (0.449) | ||||
| Control | 6.061 | 6.087 (0.666) | 6.149 (0.167) | 6.179 (0.097) | 6.167 (0.234) | 6.194 (0.108) | ||||
Values are presented as mean (P-value).
Post, post-enrollment; EV, estimated value.
Interaction effects between time and group.
Fixed effects were age, sex, region of residence, hearing impairment, and time of measurement. Random effects were body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, smoking, alcohol consumption, and Charlson comorbidity index scores.
EV of the linear mixed model for the hearing impairment group based on the control group.
Paired t-test based on previous income, significance at P<0.05.
Linear mixed model, significance at P<0.05.