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. 2021 Aug 18;11:16713. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96094-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of social defeat stress (SDS) and chronic antidepressant (AD) treatment on electroencephalography (EEG) spectral power. (a) A representative spectrogram showing the predominant frequency band at the theta range (arrowhead) during wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (30 s/epoch). (b) EEG-relative power spectra during NREM sleep in the light phase (ZT0–ZT8.5). The black bar indicates the selected delta (2.5–4 Hz) band. (c) Average relative spectral power of the delta band during NREM sleep. F_{(5, 96)} = 5.638, p = 0.0001, ***p < 0.0005, ****p < 0.0001, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (d) A significant negative correlation between NREM sleep duration during the light phase and the relative delta power (2.5–4 Hz). p = 0.0013, r = −0.6661. (e) Relative power spectra during REM sleep in the light phase. The black bar shows the selected theta (5–9 Hz) band. (f) Average relative theta power during REM sleep. F_{(45, 256)} = 3.033, p < 0.0001, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (g) Time-dependent effects of fluoxetine (FLU) on average relative spectral powers during REM sleep. F_{(15, 144)} = 18.28, p < 0.0001, *p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.