Table 1.

Reasons why immunotherapy for dogs is still lagging behind humans.

Developing cellular immunotherapies are expensive and pharmaceutical companies have limited enthusiasm to develop them for canines assuming the projected profit is limited Targetable surface molecules (of the CD family) are less well characterized than in humans Effector mechanism for monoclonal antibodies are incompletely known: which cells can mediate ADCC and which IgG subclasses are utilized for ADCC Lack of reagents to characterize comprehensively dog’s immune cells and cytokine profile Conducting randomized controlled clinical trials is challenging (breed variability, disease staging, compliance in case of progression)