Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Study design | Mean age (years) | Age at menarche | Menstrual bleeding duration (days) | Study group case/total | Control group case/total | RR (95% CI) or SMD (95% CI) | Assessment of dysmenorrhea or pain severity | Assessment of depression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The 6 included studies that provided the sufficient data which could be calculated for the pooled RR via a meta-analysis: | |||||||||
| Coleman (15) 2006 Gambia | Cross-sectional | 15-54 | NA | NA | 14/33 | 38/210 | 2.34 (1.44, 3.83) | NA | The Edinburgh Depression Scale |
| László (14) 2009 Hungary | Case–control | S: 37.2 ± 9.4C: 38.5 ± 9.3 | NA | NA | 11/165 | 33/656 | 1.33 (0.68, 2.57) | Specific question | BDI |
| Gagua (16)2013 Georgia | Case–control | S: 16.0 ± 1.4C: 15.5 ± 0.9 | S: 12.6 ± 1.0 C: 12.7 ± 1.0 | S: 4.9 ± 1.4C: 4.5 ± 1.2 | 49/276 | 9/148 | 2.92 (1.48, 5.78) | The VAS and MPQ | BDI |
| Faramarzi (17) 2014 Iran | Cross-sectional | Both S & C:20.4 ± 1.6 | 66.4% more than 12 years | Both S & C:6.4 ± 1.1 | 81/180 | 43/180 | 1.88 (1.39, 2.56) | A verbal multidimensional scoring system | The DAS-21 |
| Uçar (18) 2018 Turkey | Case–control | Both S & C:20.9 ± 1.7 | Both S & C: 13.5 ± 1.2 | 76.6% lessthan 6 days | 127/471 | 81/471 | 1.57 (1.22, 2.01) | Numeric PainRating Scale | BDI |
| Meng (19) 2019 China | Case–control | 29.04 ± 4.29 | NA | NA | Calculated by the RR#: 50/192 | Calculated by the RR#: 22/168 | Original data from the study: 1.95 (1.24, 3.06) | Specific question | The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale |
| The 2 included studies that provided the BDI scoring which were calculated for the pooled SMD via a meta-analysis: | |||||||||
| Balik (20) 2014 Turkey | Case– control | S: 17.7 ± 1.3C: 17.8 ± 1.1 | S: 13.2 ±1.2 C: 13.4 ± 1.1 | NA | NA/108 (11.9 ± 10.8) | NA/159(7.1 ± 7.6) | 0.53 (0.28, 0.78) | The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale | BDI |
| Bahrami (21) 2017 Iran | Cross- sectional | S: 14.6 ± 1.5C: 14.6 ± 1.7 | S: 12.4 ± 1.1 C: 12.6 ± 1.1 | 80%: 4-7 days | NA/322 (12.0 ± 10.0) | NA/148(8.0 ± 7.8) | 0.43 (0.23, 0.62) | Specific scale | BDI |
| The 2 included studies that provided the PROMIS T-Score which were calculated for the pooled SMD via a meta-analysis: | |||||||||
| Hellman (22) 2018 USA | Cross- sectional | S: 24 ± 6C: 24 ± 7 | NA | NA | NA/98 (53 ± 1) | NA/35(55 ± 1) | −2.0 (-2.46,−1.54) | Numerical rating scale | PROMIS |
| Zuckerman (23) 2018 USA | Cross- sectional | S: 34.1 ± 7.6C: 35.2 ± 7.1 | NA | S: 5.3 ± 1.5C: 4.8 ± 1.5 | NA/285 (53.6 ± 9.2) | NA/386(50.9 ± 8.8) | 0.3 (0.15, 0.45) | Scale of noncyclic pelvic pain | PROMIS |
BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; VAS, The Visual Analogue Scale; MPQ, McGill Pain Questionnaire; DAS-21, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; PROMIS, The NIH Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; RR, Relative Risk; SMD, standard mean differences; CI, Confidence Interval; S: Study group, women with dysmenorrhea; C: Control group, women without dysmenorrhea; NA, Not Available; #: Estimated using the methods described in the Cochrane Handbook.