Table 1.
Characteristics for U.S., Non-U.S., and U.S. Regional Institutions That Perform Diagnostic Cardiovascular Testing Procedures
| U.S. Regions |
Worldwide |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Midwest | Northeast | South | West | p Value | U.S. | Non-U.S. | p Value | |
| Number of states/countries∗ | 10 | 7 | 16 | 7 | 40 | 107∗ | ||
| Number of centers, total | 28 | 43 | 57 | 27 | 155 | 754 | ||
| With procedure volume data | 25 | 41 | 49 | 23 | 138 | 708 | ||
| Type of test† | ||||||||
| Stress ECG | 14 (56) | 36 (88) | 35 (71) | 14 (61) | 0.023 | 99 (72) | 302 (43) | <0.001 |
| Stress echocardiography | 18 (72) | 28 (68) | 26 (53) | 14 (61) | 0.192 | 86 (62) | 202 (29) | <0.001 |
| Stress SPECT | 22 (88) | 37 (90) | 48 (98) | 20 (87) | 0.114 | 127 (92) | 513 (72) | <0.001 |
| Stress PET | 6 (24) | 9 (22) | 13 (27) | 7 (30) | 0.891 | 35 (25) | 53 (7) | <0.001 |
| Stress CMR | 11 (44) | 11 (27) | 11 (22) | 4 (17) | 0.176 | 37 (27) | 130 (18) | 0.023 |
| CT coronary calcium | 16 (64) | 20 (49) | 20 (41) | 13 (57) | 0.175 | 69 (50) | 221 (31) | <0.001 |
| CT coronary angiography | 17 (68) | 23 (56) | 27 (55) | 15 (65) | 0.527 | 82 (59) | 397 (56) | 0.468 |
| TTE | 17 (68) | 28 (68) | 30 (61) | 16 (70) | 0.801 | 91 (66) | 248 (35) | <0.001 |
| TEE | 17 (68) | 20 (49) | 21 (43) | 14 (61) | 0.111 | 72 (52) | 208 (29) | <0.001 |
| PET cardiac infection | 2 (8) | 5 (12) | 3 (6) | 2 (9) | 0.793 | 12 (9) | 118 (17) | 0.018 |
| CMR | 15 (60) | 21 (51) | 17 (35) | 14 (61) | 0.086 | 67 (49) | 292 (41) | 0.112 |
| All noninvasive testing | 25 (100) | 41 (100) | 49 (100) | 23 (100) | 1.000 | 138 (100) | 708 (100) | 1.000 |
| Invasive angiography | 13 (52) | 17 (41) | 26 (53) | 12 (52) | 0.625 | 68 (49) | 216 (31) | <0.001 |
| Baseline procedures per center‡ | 1,290 (350-2,250) | 686 (280-1,832) | 505 (240-1,052) | 470 (195-1,465) | 0.097 | 641 (242-1,709) | 215 (68-768) | <0.001 |
| Hospital beds | 500 (400-686) | 693 (350-867) | 400 (182-745) | 450 (150-600) | 0.196 | 522 (250-793) | 504 (230-900) | 0.449 |
| Type of center | ||||||||
| Inpatient | 26 (93) | 28 (65) | 37 (65) | 18 (67) | 0.023 | 108 (70) | 631 (84) | <0.001 |
| Outpatient | 2 (7) | 15 (35) | 20 (35) | 9 (33) | 47 (30) | 123 (16) | ||
| Teaching institution | 21 (78) | 28 (65) | 34 (60) | 15 (54) | 0.436 | 98 (63) | 499 (66) | 0.480 |
| Imaging staff redeployed | 4 (15) | 14 (33) | 22 (39) | 5 (18) | 0.068 | 45 (29) | 141 (19) | 0.004 |
Values are n, n (%), or median (interquartile range).
CMR = cardiac magnetic resonance; ECG = electrocardiogram; PET = positron emission tomography; SPECT = single-photon emission computed tomography; TEE = transesophageal echocardiogram; TTE = transthoracic echocardiogram.
Reflects the number of non-U.S. countries rather than U.S. states. Data from Puerto Rico are included in the non-U.S. category but do not increase the count of 107 non-U.S. countries.
Percentages displayed in parentheses refer to the percentage of centers that reported procedure volume data for each specific test (n = number of centers reporting procedure volume data).
March 2019 procedure volumes were the baseline for each facility.