Table 2.

Results for the moderators of empathy and defending.

Moderators	k	Fisher's Z (95%CI)	Difference (95%CI)	t	r	Omnibus test	Level-2 variance	Level-3 variance
Empathy type						6.31*	0.002	0.017
Affective	23	0.27 (0.22, 0.32)		10.67***	0.27
Cognitive	23	0.22 (0.17, 0.28)	−0.05 (0.10, 0.01)*	7.94***	0.22
Defending behavior evaluators						15.18***	0.003	0.009
Peer	31	0.18 (0.12, 0.24)		6.31***	0.18
Self	25	0.34 (0.28, 0.40)	0.16 (0.08, 0.24)***	11.62***	0.32
Developmental stage						0.45	0.003	0.015
Early	16	0.23 (0.14, 0.32)		9.15***	0.26
Middle	40	0.27 (0.21, 0.33)	0.04 (−0.07, 0.14)	5.13***	0.23

k, number of effect sizes.

^*p < 0.05,

^***p < 0.001.