Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Variables | Levels | DM (n=53) | DR (n=73) | P-value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | Mean ± SD | 62.5 ± 7.5 | 59.8 ± 9.5 | 0.097 | |
| Sex | Female | 42 (79.2%) | 51 (69.9%) | 0.306 | 1.64 (0.71–3.78) |
| Male | 11 (20.8%) | 22 (30.1%) | |||
| Hypertension | Negative | 20 (37.7%) | 21 (28.8%) | 0.337 | 1.50 (0.70–3.18) |
| Positive | 33 (62.3%) | 52 (71.2%) | |||
| Disease duration, year | Mean ± SD | 13.9 ± 5.2 | 16.2 ± 7.9 | 0.067 | |
| Hypoglycemic drug | Oral | 44 (83.0%) | 43 (58.9%) | 0.006 | 3.41 (1.45–8.02) |
| Insulin | 9 (17.0%) | 30 (41.1%) | |||
| HbA1c, % | Mean ± SD | 5.45 ± 1.01 | 8.92 ± 2.2 | 0.025 |
Note: Data are shown as numbers and percentages or mean and standard deviation (SD). Chi-square and Student’s t-tests were applied. Bold values indicate significance at P-value < 0.05.
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.