Table 4.
Genetic Association Models for the Study Long Non-Coding RNAs and Disease Risk
| Gene | Model | Genotypes | DM | DR | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* | P- value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TUG1 | Codominant | G/G | 28 (52.8%) | 34 (46.6%) | 1.00 | 0.11 | 1.00 | 0.034 |
| A/G | 11 (20.8%) | 27 (37%) | 2.02 (0.85–4.78) | 3.15 (1.15–8.64) | ||||
| A/A | 14 (26.4%) | 12 (16.4%) | 0.71 (0.28–1.77) | 0.84 (0.30–2.34) | ||||
| Dominant | G/G | 28 (52.8%) | 34 (46.6%) | 1.00 | 0.49 | 1.00 | 0.18 | |
| A/G-A/A | 25 (47.2%) | 39 (53.4%) | 1.28 (0.63–2.61) | 1.72 (0.77–3.84) | ||||
| Recessive | G/G-A/G | 39 (73.6%) | 61 (83.6%) | 1.00 | 0.17 | 1.00 | 0.24 | |
| A/A | 14 (26.4%) | 12 (16.4%) | 0.55 (0.23–1.31) | 0.56 (0.22–1.47) | ||||
| Over-dominant | G/G-A/A | 42 (79.2%) | 46 (63%) | 1.00 | 0.047 | 1.00 | 0.01 | |
| A/G | 11 (20.8%) | 27 (37%) | 2.24 (0.99–5.07) | 3.33 (1.28–8.67) | ||||
| Log-additive | – | – | – | 0.94 (0.60–1.48) | 0.79 | 1.06 (0.64–1.73) | 0.83 | |
| MIAT | Codominant | T/T | 32 (60.4%) | 29 (39.7%) | 1.00 | 0.046 | 1.00 | 8e-04 |
| T/C | 14 (26.4%) | 24 (32.9%) | 1.89 (0.83–4.33) | 2.97 (1.11–7.93) | ||||
| C/C | 7 (13.2%) | 20 (27.4%) | 3.15 (1.16–8.54) | 8.43 (2.40–29.59) | ||||
| Dominant | T/T | 32 (60.4%) | 29 (39.7%) | 1.00 | 0.022 | 1.00 | 7e-04 | |
| T/C-C/C | 21 (39.6%) | 44 (60.3%) | 2.31 (1.12–4.76) | 4.31 (1.78–10.47) | ||||
| Recessive | T/T-T/C | 46 (86.8%) | 53 (72.6%) | 1.00 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.0023 | |
| C/C | 7 (13.2%) | 20 (27.4%) | 2.48 (0.96–6.39) | 5.23 (1.66–16.45) | ||||
| Over-dominant | T/T-C/C | 39 (73.6%) | 49 (67.1%) | 1.00 | 0.43 | 1.00 | 0.33 | |
| T/C | 14 (26.4%) | 24 (32.9%) | 1.36 (0.62–2.98) | 1.54 (0.65–3.68) | ||||
| Log-additive | – | – | – | 1.80 (1.11–2.90) | 0.013 | 2.92 (1.60–5.33) | 2e-04 | |
| MALAT1 | Codominant | C/C | 14 (26.4%) | 33 (45.2%) | 1.00 | 0.076 | 1.00 | 0.11 |
| C/T | 28 (52.8%) | 26 (35.6%) | 0.39 (0.17–0.90) | 0.40 (0.16–0.99) | ||||
| T/T | 11 (20.8%) | 14 (19.2%) | 0.54 (0.20–1.48) | 0.44 (0.14–1.40) | ||||
| Dominant | C/C | 14 (26.4%) | 33 (45.2%) | 1.00 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.037 | |
| C/T-T/T | 39 (73.6%) | 40 (54.8%) | 0.44 (0.20–0.94) | 0.41 (0.18–0.96) | ||||
| Recessive | C/C-C/T | 42 (79.2%) | 59 (80.8%) | 1.00 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.54 | |
| T/T | 11 (20.8%) | 14 (19.2%) | 0.91 (0.37–2.19) | 0.72 (0.26–2.03) | ||||
| Over-dominant | C/C-T/T | 25 (47.2%) | 47 (64.4%) | 1.00 | 0.054 | 1.00 | 0.12 | |
| C/T | 28 (52.8%) | 26 (35.6%) | 0.49 (0.24–1.02) | 0.53 (0.24–1.19) | ||||
| Log-additive | – | – | – | 0.68 (0.42–1.11) | 0.12 | 0.61 (0.35–1.07) | 0.083 | |
| SENCR | Codominant | C/C | 18 (34%) | 23 (31.5%) | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.92 |
| C/T | 25 (47.2%) | 35 (48%) | 1.10 (0.49–2.44) | 1.18 (0.46–3.01) | ||||
| T/T | 10 (18.9%) | 15 (20.6%) | 1.17 (0.43–3.22) | 1.01 (0.32–3.15) | ||||
| Dominant | C/C | 18 (34%) | 23 (31.5%) | 1.00 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.8 | |
| C/T-T/T | 35 (66%) | 50 (68.5%) | 1.12 (0.53–2.37) | 1.12 (0.46–2.72) | ||||
| Recessive | C/C-C/T | 43 (81.1%) | 58 (79.5%) | 1.00 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 0.84 | |
| T/T | 10 (18.9%) | 15 (20.6%) | 1.11 (0.46–2.71) | 0.91 (0.34–2.40) | ||||
| Over-dominant | C/C-T/T | 28 (52.8%) | 38 (52%) | 1.00 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.69 | |
| C/T | 25 (47.2%) | 35 (48%) | 1.03 (0.51–2.09) | 1.18 (0.53–2.62) | ||||
| Log-additive | – | – | – | 1.08 (0.66–1.78) | 0.75 | 1.02 (0.57–1.79) | 0.96 |
Notes: Data are presented as numbers and percentages. Crude and *adjusted OR by age, sex, disease duration, hypoglycemic treatment, and hypertension were estimated. Adjusted OR (95% CI) for multiple genetic association models were calculated using SNPStats (https://www.snpstats.net/start.htm). Bold values indicate significance at P-value < 0.05.
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes without diabetic retinopathy; DR, diabetic retinopathy; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.