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. 2021 Apr 23;16(12):2383–2387. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.313015

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Copyright: © Neural Regeneration Research

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Neuroprotective signaling pathways affected by lithium in ischemic stroke.

Lithium triggers and inhibits distinct signaling pathways and effector proteins, leading to acute and long-term neuroprotection under ischemic stroke conditions. Thereby, lithium mainly affects three key players in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, i.e., apoptosis, inflammation, and neurogenesis. AP-1: Activated protein 1; BBB: blood-brain barrier; BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; CCL2: CC-chemokine-ligand-2; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinases; HSP70: heat shock protein 70; IL: interleukin; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; miR-124: microRNA 124; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase 9; NSPC: neural stem/progenitor cell; REST: RE1-silencing transcription factor.