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. 2021 Aug 5;9:718175. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.718175

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Copyright © 2021 Hombría, García-Ferrés and Sánchez-Higueras.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic phylogenetic tree showing the predicted evolution of the Hox paralogous groups. Illustrations of major extant animal groups are presented on top joined by their currently accepted branching points (not to temporal scale). The predicted appearance of particular Hox paralog gene precursors is depicted on the branching points. In the vertebrate lineage the whole cluster duplicated several times (not represented) giving rise to four paralogous Hox clusters named HoxA to HoxD in birds and mammals. In teleost fish a further duplication gave rise to eight Hox clusters. For a comprehensive analysis of Hox cluster evolution (see Figure 2A). A, anterior; C, central; P, posterior.