Table 1.
Structure | Abnormalities |
---|---|
Rhinosinus | T2 heterogenous mucosal thickening, turbinate/mucosal nonenhancement, fluid collections |
Extrasinus | Facial subcutaneous soft tissue, pteryopalatine fossa, masticator spaces |
Bone | Sinus walls, pterygoid processes, alveolar processes, sinus bordering orbit walls, skull base – destruction, subperiosteal abscesses |
Orbital | Preseptal, postseptal inflammatory changes, optic nerve involvement (infarction, perineuritis), apex soft tissue, EOM nonenhancement, Globe |
Vascular | Arterial: ICA steno-occlusion, ophthalmic artery occlusion, ECA occlusion, mycotic aneurysms |
Venous: Cavernous sinus – Direct invasion vs thrombosis/thrombophlebitis, Superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis | |
CNS | Ischemic changes – sterile infarcts (usually watershed, less commonly territorial), infarcts with secondary fungal invasion |
Direct invasion – abscesses/granulomas, meningitis, perineural spread via trigeminal nerve, contiguous brainstem involvement |
EOM – Extraocular muscle, CNS – Central Nervous System