Table 1. Pharmacological Options for Akathisia^2,7.

Class		Drug		Mechanism of action		Dose (mg/d)		Clinical Recommendations for antipsychotic- induced akathisia
Beta-Blockers		Propranolol		non-selective beta blockade		20–120		First-line adjunctive medication treatment
Benzodiazepine		Clonazepam		agonist action at GABA-A receptors		0.5–2		Consider for short term treatment
Anti-cholinergics		Benztropine/Biperiden		antagonizes acetylcholine		Benztropine (1.5–8) Biperiden (2–6)		May help mild subjective symptoms with concurrent parkinsonian symptoms; not routinely recommended
Central alpha agonist		Clonidine		stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors		0.2–0.8		Limited evidence supports treatment
Tricycyclic/Tetracyclic antidepressant		Mirtazapine		antagonizes alpha-2 adrenergic and serotonin 5HT2A receptors		15		Considered as first-line treatment when propranolol is contraindicated, ineffective, intolerable

Other pharmacological options²: Mianserin, trazodone, cyproheptadine, Vit B6, amantadine, gabapentin, and pregabalin have been examined with insufficient evidence.