Table 2.
Demographic Characteristics of the Low PWV and High PWV Groups in Healthy Controls
| Low PWV (n = 44) | High PWV (n = 59) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| (PWV < 1400 cm/s) | (PWV ≥ 1400 cm/s) | P Value | |
| Systemic parameters | |||
| Age (years) | 54.6 ± 8.0 | 62.5 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 34 | 23 | 0.417 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.8 | 24.0 ± 3.2 | 0.998 |
| Pulse wave velocity (cm/s) | 1247.6 ± 129.6 | 1676.7 ± 219.1 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 9 | 22 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 115.9 ± 12.4 | 130.3 ± 15.1 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71.7 ± 9.4 | 79.5 ± 10.9 | <0.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 86.4 ± 9.9 | 96.4 ± 11.8 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 9 | 13 | 0.111 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | 0.087 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 17 | 16 | 0.538 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194.6 ± 44.2 | 182.4 ± 34.7 | 0.121 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 97.4 ± 52.5 | 110.9 ± 84.7 | 0.312 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.4 ± 12.5 | 53.3 ± 13.2 | 0.660 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 122.1 ± 39.7 | 109.1 ± 35.6 | 0.080 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 2 | 1 | 0.705 |
| eGFR (ml/min) | 94.0 ± 14.3 | 90.0 ± 13.4 | 0.142 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 0.785 |
| Ocular parameters | |||
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 14.1 ± 3.0 | 0.771 |
| Axial length (mm) | 24.3 ± 1.2 | 23.9 ± 1.1 | 0.065 |
| Spherical equivalent (diopters) | −1.1 ± 1.9 | −0.1 ± 1.7 | 0.008 |
| Average RNFL thickness (µm) | 93.9 ± 8.2 | 94.5 ± 9.7 | 0.698 |
| Average GCIPL thickness (µm) | 82.3 ± 5.6 | 81.6 ± 6.5 | 0.574 |
| Peripapillary VD (mm−1) | 17.3 ± 1.1 | 17.1 ± 0.7 | 0.212 |
| Macular VD (mm−1) | 16.9 ± 1.7 | 16.5 ± 1.6 | 0.157 |
PWV: pulse wave velocity; BP: blood pressure; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RNFL: retinal nerve fiber layer; GCIPL: ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer; VD: vessel density.