Figure 1. (A) Various factors influencing dysbiosis, that is, alteration of gut flora. (B) Various microbiota modulation techniques inducing eubiosis, that is, restoration of altered gut composition. (C) Schematic diagram representing the interplay between dysbiosis and AD pathology.

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Aβ: amyloid-beta; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; BBB: blood-brain barrier; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; SCFA: short-chain fatty acid; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide