Figure 4.

The HFD downregulated PPAR-γ expression and upregulated both MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. (A–C) Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis documented declines in the PPAR-γ gene and protein expression in the MGs of mice fed the HFD. (D) Western blot analysis documented increases in MG MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway phosphorylation in mice placed on the HFD. (E) The levels of the phosphorylated forms of MAPKs or NF-κB p65 were individually normalized to the expression levels of their total form. Data are shown as mean ± SD; n = 5; ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01.