Table 1.
Patients’ baseline characteristics post propensity-matching
| Characteristic | Level | Study group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT2-I (N = 9219) | oGLAs (N = 9219) | STD | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Women | n (%) | 3683 (40.0%) | 3635 (39.4%) | 0.01 |
| Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 62.3 (9.6) | 62.5 (11.0) | − 0.01 |
| Years in diabetes registry, n (%) | ≤ 2 | 369 (4.0%) | 362 (3.9%) | 0.4 |
| 2–5 | 1124 (12.2%) | 1112 (12.1%) | ||
| 5–10 | 2504 (27.2%) | 2457 (26.7%) | ||
| > 10 | 5222 (56.6%) | 5288 (57.4%) | ||
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) | 1–3 (low) | 962 (10.4%) | 881 (9.6%) | 0.00 |
| 4–5 (low-medium) | 2825 (30.6%) | 2930 (31.8%) | ||
| 6–7 (medium) | 3530 (38.3%) | 3539 (38.4%) | ||
| 8–10 (high) | 1891 (20.5%) | 1858 (20.2%) | ||
| Missing | 11 (0.1%) | 11 (0.1%) | ||
| Baseline measures | ||||
| BMI | Mean (SD) in kg/m2 | 31.7 (5.4) | 31.6 (5.4) | 0.02 |
| HbA1c (%)/mmol/mol | Mean (SD) | 8.3 (1.5)/67.2 (2.3) | 8.3 (1.6)/67.2(2.3) | − 0.04 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), n (%)a | > 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 5026 (54.5%) | 5026 (54.5%) | |
| 60–90 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 3407 (37.0%) | 3407 (37.0%) | ||
| < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 786 (8.5%) | 786 (8.5%) | ||
| UACR, n (%) | Urinary albumin BDL | 3510 (38.1%) | 3566 (38.7%) | 0.06 |
| < 30 mg/g | 2370 (25.7%) | 2372 (25.7%) | ||
| 30– < 300 mg/g | 2312 (25.1%) | 2295 (24.9%) | ||
| > 300 mg/g | 664 (7.2%) | 655 (7.1%) | ||
| Missing | 363 (3.9%) | 331 (3.6%) | ||
| KDIGO risk [26], n (%) | Low-risk | 5832 (63.3%) | 5936 (64.4%) | 0.05 |
| Moderate-risk | 2439 (26.5%) | 2250 (24.4%) | ||
| High and very high-risk | 948 (10.3%) | 1033 (11.2%) | ||
| Change in eGFR, n (%)b | < 3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year | 8757 (95.0%) | 8645 (93.8%) | − 0.04 |
| ≥ 3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year | 358 (3.9%) | 430 (4.7%) | ||
| ≥ 5 mL/min/1.73 m2/year | 110 (1.2%) | 124 (1.3%) | − 0.01 | |
| Missing | 104 (1.1%) | 144 (1.6%) | ||
| Baseline medications | ||||
| Metformin | n (%) | 8571 (93.0%) | 8544 (92.7%) | 0.01 |
| Sulfonylureas | n (%) | 2502 (27.1%) | 2549 (27.6%) | − 0.01 |
| DPP4i | n (%) | 4402 (47.7%) | 4373 (47.4%) | 0.01 |
| GLP-1 RA | n (%) | 1806 (19.6%) | 1880 (20.4%) | − 0.02 |
| Metiglinides | n (%) | 1093 (11.9%) | 1074 (11.6%) | 0.01 |
| TZDs | n (%) | 620 (6.7%) | 667 (7.2%) | − 0.02 |
| Acarbose | n (%) | 210 (2.3%) | 214 (2.3%) | − 0.00 |
| Insulin | n (%) | 2474 (26.8%) | 2295 (24.9%) | 0.04 |
| Short-acting | n (%) | 582 (6.3%) | 557 (6.0%) | 0.01 |
| Long-acting | n (%) | 2171 (23.5%) | 2105 (22.8%) | 0.02 |
| ACEi/ARBs | n (%) | 6595 (71.5%) | 6436 (69.8%) | 0.04 |
| Beta blockers | n (%) | 3664 (39.7%) | 3634 (39.4%) | 0.01 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | n (%) | 413 (4.5%) | 415 (4.5%) | − 0.00 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Established CVD history [24] | n (%) | 2705 (29.3%) | 2697 (29.3%) | 0.00 |
| Myocardial infarction/CABG/PCI with stent | n (%) | 1795 (19.5%) | 1796 (19.5%) | − 0.00 |
| Microvascular complicationsc | n (%) | 5624 (61.0%) | 5495 (59.6%) | 0.03 |
| Heart failure (24) | n (%) | 344 (3.7%) | 307 (3.3%) | 0.02 |
ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs Angiotensin II receptor blocker; BDL below detectable levels; CABG coronary artery bypass grafting; DPP4i Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1 RAs glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; KDIGO Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome; oGLA other glucose lowering agent; PCI percutaneous coronary intervention; STD standardized difference; TZD Thiazolidinediones; UACR urinary albumin to creatinine ratio
aThe propensity score matching was generated on each eGFR layer separately, therefore the number of participants in each arm's eGFR layer is equal by definition
bBaseline eGFR slope (per year) was calculated during the 4 years prior to the index date. Slope was calculated only for the participants with at-least 180 days interval between their first and their last (i.e., before index date) eGFR measurement during this period
cMicrovascular complications was defined as: diabetic eye complication, neuropathy, diabetic foot/ peripheral angiopathy or diabetic kidney disease (i.e., nephropathy, eGFR < 60 or UACR > 100)