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. 2021 Aug 5;15:673369. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.673369

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Copyright © 2021 Juan, Nguyen, Liang, Quinn, Chen, Muggleton, Yeh, Woolrich, Nobre and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustration of HHSA for synthesized data with different coupling strengths, which is the ratio of the modulation depth of xfA(t) in which x(t) = xf_P(t)* xf_A(t). A value of 0 indicates no modulation depth and 1 for full modulation. (Top) 3 levels differing in coupling strength (top trace) along with their corresponding HHS (bottom panels). The modulated signals with fast oscillations are plotted underneath with the amplitude envelope increasing from the top. The synthesized signals all consisted of summation of a 4 Hz sinusoidal signal and an amplitude-modulated signal with 32 Hz modulated by 4 Hz.