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Expected negative emotional experience (e.g., sadness or anger) in a hypothetical scenario where (A) other people (B) the government (C) the media, or (D) an autonomous system take actions that make matters worse in a crisis (11-point Likert question with response alternatives ranging from “Not at all” at 0 to “A great deal” at 11). Data are split by gender (error bars represent 95% confidence interval). Wilcoxon rank-sum test: ***p < 0.001.
