Table 2.
Pre- and post-treatment measures of feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes for the intent-to-treat sample of adults (n = 15) in a proof-of-concept study of cognitive-behavioral therapy for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (CBT-AR).
| Possible Range on Measure | Pre-treatment (M, SD) or n (%) | Post-treatment (M, SD) or n (%) | t | p | 95% confidence intervalsc | Effect size (d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Credibility (evaluated after session 1 only) | 0–10 | 7.96 (1.31) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ||||
| Expected percent change in ARFID symptoms (evaluated after session 1 only) | 0–100% | 68.00 (20.07) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ||||
| Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (evaluated at post-treatment only)a | 8–32 | ----- | 29.43 (3.30) | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| Therapist rating of patient as “much improved” or “very much improved” on Clinical Global Impression—Global Improvement Scale | % of 15 patients | --- | 12 (80%) | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | |||
| Pica, ARFID, and Rumination | |||||||
| Disorder Interview | |||||||
| Overall Severity | 0–6 | 2.59 (0.88) | 1.46 (0.82) | 6.17 | <.001 | 0.75, 1.56 | 1.35 |
| Sensory Sensitivity | 0–6 | 1.47 (0.81) | 0.7 (0.58) | 4.39 | <.001 | 0.39, 1.15 | 1.06 |
| Lack of Interest | 0–6 | 1.53 (1.38) | 1.02 (0.98) | 2.48 | 0.03 | 0.07, 0.94 | 0.37 |
| Fear of Aversive Consequences | 0–6 | 0.93 (1.36) | 0.35 (0.58) | 2.06 | 0.06 | −0.02, 1.18 | 0.46 |
| Food Neophobia Scale | 10–70 | 61.0 (8.8) | 53.5 (10.3) | 4.69 | <.001 | 4.09, 10.98 | 1.95 |
| Number of new foods incorporated | ---- | ---- | 18.0 (13.2) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| Weight status—Underweight patients only | |||||||
| Weight (lbs) | ---- | 107.45 (2.86) | 118.83 (7.08) | 3.05 | 0.06 | −0.51, 23.27 | 2.09 |
| BMI | ---- | 17.65 (1.23) | 19.49 (0.53) | 3.65 | 0.03 | 0.23, 3.45 | 1.95 |
| Met diagnostic criteria for ARFID on Pica, ARFID, and Rumination Disorder Interview | % of 15 patients | 15 (100%) | 8 (53%) | ---- | 0.01 | ---- | ---- |
| Comorbid Psychopathology | |||||||
| STAI-Traitb (T scores) | 20–96 | 59.4 (14.3) | 57.9 (12.7) | 0.29 | 0.78 | −9.64, 12.71 | 0.11 |
| BDI-IIb (T scores) | 0–90 | 51.5 (8.2) | 47.6 (8.4) | 1.17 | 0.26 | −3.28, 11.14 | 0.47 |
| CIA | 0–48 | 15.1 (8.9) | 9.07 (6.5) | 2.65 | 0.02 | 1.15, 10.98 | 0.77 |
ARFID: avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder; BMI: body mass index; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory II; CIA: Clinical Impairment Assessment.
Because the CSQ was given at post-treatment only, CSQ data are only available for completers (n = 14).
One patient who was age 17.99 at his pre-treatment baseline visit but age 18.07 at his first treatment visit took the child version of both measures at baseline (i.e., the STAIC and CDI; Spielberger, 1973; Kovacs, 2011) but the adult version at post-treatment. Therefore, we have presented our findings as T scores rather than raw scores.
95% confidence intervals represent intervals for the differences between pre- and post-metrics (i.e., mean of differences).