Figure 5.

Case 3. Extension of prior T10-L4 fusion (panel B) to pelvis with L5-S1 posterior lumbar interbody fusion using an augmented reality heads-up display (AR-HUD) system (panel A). When the resident is learning how to place a pedicle screw, it requires careful supervision from an experienced spine surgeon to teach proper technique to the resident. In A, the attending surgeon is standing on the right and the resident is on the left. The attending surgeon is able to view the x-ray images on AR-HUD while the resident is placing an S1 pedicle screw under lateral x-ray guidance (panel C). In addition, AR-HUD allows for continuous visualization of x-ray images during discectomy, endplate preparation, and the placement of an interbody cage through Kambin's triangle. Panel D shows post-operative imaging of successful extension of fusion.