TABLE 3.

Study Variables by Treatment Group at Baseline

	Control (N = 130)		Intervention (N = 180)
Variable	$\overline{\text{X}}$	SD	$\overline{\text{X}}$	SD	p
Outcomes
Distress	5.69	2.26	5.84	2.14	0.54
Functional status	4.87	0.93	4.75	0.88	0.26
Pain	5.18	2.41	5.28	2.46	0.72
Perceived control
Cognitive control	1.76	0.84	1.77	0.95	0.93
Feelings of control	5.88	2.34	5.89	2.68	0.96
Pain catastrophizing	2.77	1.03	2.9	1.01	0.27
Pharmacologic control	4.83	1.33	4.87	1.25	0.8
Intervention components
Living with pain	3.85	1.11	3.76	1.22	0.49
Medication management	2.9	0.9	2.87	0.83	0.78
Pain advocacy	3.78	0.98	3.89	1.01	0.36

Note. Scale ranges were as follows: distress (0–10), functional status (2.8–7.5), pain (0–10), cognitive control (0–4), feelings of control (0–10), pain castastrophizing (1–5), pharmacologic control (1–7), living with pain (0–6), medication management (1–5), and pain advocacy (1–5). Higher scores indicate more of the construct; for example, higher scores on distress mean more distress, and higher scores on cognitive control mean more control.