Table 3.

Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for the risk of depression

Variables	95%CI	p-value ¶
Heavy metals
Log2 serum Cd	1.21 (1.07–1.37)	0.002
Sex—log2 serum Cd	Male—log2 serum Cd (Ref)
	1.25 (0.95–1.65)	0.118
Log2 serum Hg	0.95 (0.85–1.08)	0.438
Sex—log2 serum Hg	Male—log2 serum Hg (Ref)
	1.03 (0.79–1.35)	0.553
Log2 serum Pb	1.03 (0.87–1.22)	0.726
Sex—log2 serum Pb	Male—log2 serum Cd (Ref)
	1.47 (1.01–2.15)	0.046
Food intake
Log2 vitamin B1 intake	0.83 (0.73–0.95)	0.005
Sex—log2 vitamin B1 intake	Male—log2 vitamin B1 intake (Ref)
	0.89 (0.63–1.25)	0.503
Log2 vitamin B2 intake	0.93 (0.93–1.05)	0.250
Sex- log2 vitamin B2 intake	Male—log2 vitamin B2 intake (Ref)
	0.84 (0.62–1.13)	0.245
Log2 vitamin B3 intake	0.80 (0.70–0.91)	0.001
Sex—log2 vitamin B3 intake	Male—log2 vitamin B3 intake (Ref)
	1.08 (0.79–1.48)	0.611
Log2 vitamin C intake	0.83 (0.96–0.100)	0.055
Sex—log2 vitamin C intake	Male—log2 vitamin C intake (Ref)
	0.95 (0.78–1.15)	0.568
Log2 total vitamin A intake	0.92 (0.85–0.99)	0.020
Sex—log2 total vitamin A intake	Male—log2 total vitamin A intake (Ref)
	1.03 (0.86–1.23)	0.769
Log2 retinol intake	0.99 (0.95–1.03)	0.671
Sex—log2 retinol intake	Male—log2 retinol intake (Ref)
	1.03 (0.93–1.04)	0.541

Adjusted for sex (male, female), residential area (rural vs. urban), household income (<2000, ≥2000 but <4000, ≥4000 but <6000, and ≥6000 thousand won/month) physical activity (not regular, regular), occupation (managers, professional, office, clerical, service, sales, agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers, craft, plant/machine operators and assemblers, and the unemployed), BMIs were classified as <18.5, ≥18.5 but <25, and ≥25 but <30, ≥30), high-risk drinking (yes, no), education level (≤middle school, high school, ≥college), cotinine-verified smoker (yes, no).